Abstract
Optical spectroscopic techniques have come a long way to unravel the molecular properties that have helped one to understand many physicochemical processes in nature. The response of a molecule to a stimulus by a photon can be used to understand the immediate microenvironment around them. The chapter presents some recent examples where the excited state processes of molecules have been utilized to understand such microenvironments. It shall be seen how the microheterogeneity in the environment alters the photophysical properties of the molecules. Examples have been presented from materials and biology that show the usefulness of time-resolved fluorescence and absorption spectroscopy to monitor the excited state features of molecules and materials, and how they can be utilized for novel applications across various fields. The examples include understanding water channels in the polymer Nafion, dynamics of DNA, photoisomerization in retinal proteins and charge transfer in artificial light-harvesting units.
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