Abstract
It is noted that the Kerr effect is an intrinsic property of glass that causes a change in the refractive index proportional to the optical power. A comprehensive review of intensity–dependent behavior based on the Kerr effect has been presented in the chapter. The chapter illustrates self–phase modulation (SPM), cross-phase modulation (XPM), four-wave mixing (FWM), and distortions in non–return–to–zero (NRZ) and return–to–zero (RZ) systems. SPM is the effect of the nonlinear refractive index that is considered in both single and multichannel transmission. It refers to the change of the optical phase of a channel by its own intensity. The high peak power of the signal pulses increases the refractive index of the silica, thus, leading to a lower group velocity. In a multichannel transmission, the beating between light at different frequencies leads to the phase modulation of the channels and hence, the generation of modulation sidebands at new frequencies, commonly termed as FWM. However, XPM has emerged as the dominant impairment limiting the achievable capacity in long haul transmission systems. It affects the entire WDM transmission, independent of signal format.
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