Chapter 13 - Evolution of Network Biomarkers Measured by Microarray Data From Early to Late Stage Bladder Cancer Samples

Abstract

In this chapter, the evolution of network biomarkers of bladder cancer will be measured by microarray data at different stages of carcinogenesis. We use a systems biology approach to construct protein-protein interaction networks (PPINs) for early and late stage bladder cancer. By comparing the networks of these two stages, we find that both networks showed significantly different mechanisms. To obtain the differential (evolutionary) network structures between cancer and noncancer PPINs, we constructed cancer PPIN and noncancer PPIN network structures for the two bladder cancer stages using microarray data from cancer cells and their adjacent noncancer cells, respectively. With their carcinogenesis relevance values (CRVs), we identified 152 and 50 significant proteins and their PPI networks (network markers) for early and late stage bladder cancer by statistical assessment. To investigate the evolution of network biomarkers in the carcinogenesis process, primary pathway analysis showed that the significant pathways of early stage bladder cancer are related to ordinary cancer mechanisms, while the ribosome and spliceosome pathways are most important for late stage bladder cancer. Their only intersection is the ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis pathway in the whole stage of bladder cancer. The evolution of network biomarkers from early to late stage can reveal the carcinogenesis of bladder cancer. The findings in this chapter are new clues specific to this cancer; they give us a direction for targeted cancer therapy, and it should be validated in vivo or in vitro in the future.