Abstract
This chapter focuses on nonequilibrium fluctuations in the Rayleigh-Bénard (RB) problem. The nonequilibrium fluctuations in isothermal one-component fluids under shear are presented. It is shown that the static structure factor of a one-component isothermal fluid subjected to uniform shear exhibits an anisotropic enhancement. It is found that while the equal-time fluctuations in the presence of shear are long-ranged compared to molecular scales, they do not become macroscopic and finite-size effects do not play a significant role unlike in the case of fluctuations in the presence of a temperature or concentration gradient. It is observed that in a two-phase system, like a liquid in equilibrium with its vapor, there are not only thermal fluctuations in the bulk phases, but also fluctuations of the location of the interface, especially capillary waves that broaden the width of the interface. The nonequilibrium fluctuations in nematic liquid crystals are analyzed. The concentration fluctuations in reaction–diffusion problems are also elaborated.
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