Abstract
Graphene, thanks to its characteristics (hyperdensity, high thermal and electrical conductivity, large surface area, hardness, strength, and flexibility), is leading to a profound change in the field of materials science and could be an ideal candidate for a variety of applications. However, to date, its production presents some issues: it is mostly made from graphite, methane, and ethanol, which are nonrenewable, toxic, and fossil fuel-related raw materials and could therefore cause problems in terms of resource scarcity in the future. It is also very expensive to produce (estimated to cost around $56,000m−2). For these reasons, it is essential to find alternative ways to synthesize graphene. Recently, much progress has been made toward improving graphene fabrication, with a focus on developing more efficient, effective, safe, nontoxic, and environmentally friendly approaches, in particular, from waste biomasses. They are carbon-rich sustainable raw materials, ideal for the preparation of high-value carbon materials. Thus, the research focuses on a series of production methods of graphene starting from agro-food waste biomass to avoid the drawbacks of the actual processes of graphene and, at the same time, to reduce food waste and food loss creating a loop of resources. Moreover, this alternative way can be set in the circular economy model in line with Goal 12 of the Agenda 2030.
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