Abstract
With great advances in electronics and electrode technologies, it has become possible to realize implantable biomedical microsystems that interface with the internal body parts to monitor and manipulate their activities. One of the major success stories in the field of implantable systems is the cardiac pacemaker, in which over one million pacemakers were installed or replaced worldwide in 2009. Today, miniaturized wireless implantable systems are changing the face of biomedical research and clinical practices through the development of intelligent pacemakers, cochlear implants, neuroprostheses, brain–computer interfaces, deep organ pressure sensors, and precise drug delivery units. New and exciting applications of implantable systems enabled by the technology advances are emerging, such as implantable contraceptives, which can be implanted under a woman's skin to release a small dose of levonorgestrel, a hormone, every day over a period of 16 years and can be remotely controlled, or implantable miniaturized imaging devices that can help effective diagnosis and/or monitoring of a disease, including cancer.
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