Abstract
Vast amounts of oil and gas remain uncovered despite conventional methods such as primary and secondary flooding. Chemical enhanced oil recovery (chemical EOR) is expected to be the next step in recovering trapped oil in a reservoir. In this chapter, a detailed discussion of chemical EOR methods and their relevant mechanisms is presented. Surfactant flooding, polymer flooding, alkaline flooding, foam flooding, chemical combined EOR methods, as well as alkali-surfactant-polymer (ASP) flooding are all discussed in depth. Flooding with alkaline surfactant polymer aims to improve the efficiency of microscopic as well as macroscopic displacement. In severe states such as high pressure and temperature, and high salinity, alkali-surfactant-polymer flooding has greater efficacy. Also, the newest advances in nanotechnology, the types of nanoparticles, and the relevant mechanisms involved in oil recovery will be addressed in detail. Nanoparticles typically range between 1 and 100nm in size, offering better performance in water flooding, gas flooding, and chemical EOR process. In chemical EOR, wettability alteration, IFT reduction, and viscosity improvement are the main mechanisms.
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