Abstract
According to the most recent World Health Organization estimates, approximately 10 million tuberculosis (TB) cases and 1.6 million TB deaths occurred in 2017, declining 1.8% and 3.9% respectively from 2016, with the greatest caseload in the Southeast Asia and African regions. TB remains the leading cause of death in the HIV-positive population. An increasing public health threat is the rise in drug-resistant (DR) TB, a significant risk factor for disseminated TB, including central nervous system (CNS) involvement. CNS TB is the most severe manifestation of TB and reportedly accounts for 5%–10% of extrapulmonary TB cases and 1% of all TB cases; however, this is likely a significant underestimate given the lack of microbiological confirmation in many cases and a paucity of robust epidemiological studies. Major public health efforts are required to define the current incidence, prevalence, morbidity, and mortality of CNS TB, especially in light of the growing number of multi-DR TB cases worldwide.
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