Abstract
The separation of liquid mixtures into their various components is one of the major operations in the process industries, and distillation, the most widely used method of achieving this end, is the key operation in any oil refinery. In processing, the demand for purer products, coupled with the need for greater efficiency, has promoted continued research into the techniques of distillation. In engineering terms, distillation columns have to be designed with a larger range in capacity than any other types of processing equipment, with single columns 0.3−10 m in diameter and 3−75 m in height. Designers are required to achieve the desired product quality at minimum cost and also to provide constant purity of product even though there may be variations in feed composition or feed rates. A distillation unit should be considered together with its associated control system, and it is often operated in association with several other separate units.
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