Abstract
Elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration (eCO2) has been the most important driving factor and characteristic of climate change. To clarify the effects of eCO2 on the soil microbes and on the concurrent status of soil carbon and nitrogen, an experiment was conducted in a typical summer maize field based on a 10-year mini FACE (Free Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment) system in North China. Both rhizospheric and bulk soils were collected for measurement. The soil microbial carbon (MBC), nitrogen (MBN), and soil mineral N were measured at two stages. Characteristics of microbes were assayed for both rhizospheric soil and bulk soils at the key stage. We examined the plasmid copy numbers, diversities, and community structures of bacteria (in terms of 16s rRNA), fungi (in terms of ITS-internal transcribed spacer), ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and denitrifiers including nirK, nirS, and nosZ using the Miseq sequencing technique. Results showed that under eCO2 conditions, both MBC and MBN in rhizospheric soil were increased significantly. The quantity of ITS was increased in the eCO2 treatment compared with that in the ambient CO2 (aCO2) treatment, while the quantity of 16s rRNA in rhizospheric soil showed decrease in the rhizospheric soil in the eCO2 treatment. ECO2 changed the relative abundance of microbes in terms of compositional proportion of some orders or genera particularly in the rhizospheric soil-n particular, Chaetomium increased for ITS, Subgroups 4 and 6 increased for 16s rRNA, Nitrosospira decreased for AOB, and some genera showed increase for nirS, nirK, and nosZ. Nitrate N was the main inorganic nitrogen form at the tasseling stage and both quantities of AOB and denitrifiers, as well as the nosZ/(nirS+nirK) showed an increase under eCO2 conditions particularly in the rhizospheric soil. The Nitrosospira decreased in abundance under eCO2 conditions in the rhizospheric soil and some genera of denitrifiers also showed differences in abundance. ECO2 did not change the diversities of microbes significantly. In general, results suggested that 10 years of eCO2 did affect the active component of C and N pools (such as MBC and MBN) and both the quantities and relative abundance of microbes which are involved in carbon and nitrogen cycling, possibly due to the differences in both the quantities and component of substrate for relevant microbes in the rhizospheric soils.
Highlights
The anthropogenic emission of greenhouse gases has caused a major increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration
Our results showed that soil microbial carbon (MBC) in the rhizospheric soil had significantly increased under the Elevated atmospheric CO2 (eCO2) condition compared with that under the ambient CO2 (aCO2) condition at the tasseling stage during summer maize growth period (Figure 1)
Throughout this study, we demonstrated that the eCO2 significantly increased the soil MBC and MBN in the rhizospheric soil at the active tasseling stage during maize growth period
Summary
The anthropogenic emission of greenhouse gases has caused a major increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration. Enriched atmospheric CO2 could enhance the production of above-ground and below-ground, as well as the labile carbon substrate input to the soil through the increased photosynthetic rate [3,4]. Some studies have suggested that increased input of photosynthetic carbon to the rhizospheric soil stimulated the decomposition of carbon in soils [10,11], which may accelerate the growth of microbes and increase losses of carbon in soils [9]. It has been found that the quantity and diversity of soil microbes would increase with elevation of CO2 concentration [12,13]; and the same effect was observed in the bacterial abundance at rhizospheric soil [14,15]. Elevated atmospheric CO2 (eCO2) showed an effect on the abundance of fungi, by promoting the decomposition of resistant carbon substrate [9,16]
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