Changes in Residents’ Perceptions of and Support to Tourism: A Longitudinal Study

Being one of the known tourism destinations in the world, Marmaris, a coastal city, is preferred by many local and foreign tourists. In 2019, about 1,350,000 foreign tourists and 419,000 local tourists stayed overnight in Marmaris, while local residents, consisting of about 95,000 people, hosted tourists. This study aims to determine the settled attitudes of local residents in Marmaris, which is located in the southwestern region of Turkey and which has transformed from a small fishing town into a preferred tourism destination, toward tourists. In the chapter, the studies of Var, Kendel, and Tarakcioglu (1985) examining Marmaris constituted the starting point. The researchers tried to identify how the local community of this small town that was declared as a tourism development area by the Turkish government in the 1960s perceives the social impacts of tourism. In their 68study, they stated that the Marmaris community was not studied from this perspective before and they chose the Marmaris community as the target population of the study as they thought this community symbolized a series of cultural values. The authors conducted a survey for the Marmaris community in the peak season of 1980–1981 and analyzed valid data of 98 participants. Among the results of their study, the following points become prominent: local residents perceive the positive and negative effects of tourism; they find meeting with tourists valuable as an educational experience; and they least prefer to see in Marmaris the tourists who are Turkish locals, who come from the Middle East, and who are Turkish workers living abroad. In this context, it was aimed to determine whether there was any change in the local residents' attitude toward tourism and tourist in Marmaris since the 1980s, and to determine its direction and level, if any. Besides, the issues such as the dissolution of the USSR in 1989, Russian tourists visiting Marmaris with an increasing number of each year, and residents' attitudes toward Russian tourists will be examined for the first time in the scope of the study. In the relevant literature section of the study; the titles such as the effects of tourism, attitudes towards tourism, stereotypes of Turkish people for different nations, and Marmaris destination were mentioned. In the study, a quantitative research method was adopted, and a questionnaire consisting of 3 parts was applied to collect data from the field, and the data were collected from the population formed by the residents of Marmaris through an online survey. The first part of the questionnaire included questions aiming to determine demographic characteristics, while the second part covered local residents' attitudes towards tourism and its effects, and the third and the final part included questions aimed at determining the stereotypes of local residents for tourists of different nationalities. The data obtained were analyzed in the SPSS 22.0 program, the findings were interpreted, the results and suggestions were made, and the study was concluded. The assumptions and limitations of the research were: the reliability and validity of the data collected in the research were limited by the features of the data collection methods; it was assumed that the participants answered the research questions correctly; the questionnaires planned to be made face-to-face were carried out online due to the Covid-19 and the measures taken by the Turkish government and by social responsibility; finally, insufficient time. The literature of the study has been listed according to the effects of tourism in destinations, perceptions 69and attitudes towards tourism, Turkish stereotypes of different nations and the people in Marmaris.

Numerous studies have been conducted on local resident attitudes regarding tourism development and its impact, but there is limited research that compares the attitudes of both local full-time residents and second home property owners. This study investigated factors that influence the extent of each group of property owners’ support for future tourism development in an amenity-rich mountain county in North Carolina. A total of 609 respondents (354 full-time residents and 264 second home owners) expressed their level of support for tourism development and provided their perceptions of tourism impacts. Personal benefits from tourism and tourism's positive impacts influenced both full-time residents’ and second home property owners’ support for future tourism. Tourism's negative impacts also influenced second home property owners’ support for tourism. This study was conducted within the context of (1) promoting sustainable tourism planning which emphasizes analyzing and balancing the varied identities and perspectives of stakeholders within tourist destinations and (2) advancing social exchange theory which emphasizes understanding the complex relationship between people's personal gain from tourism and their support for further tourism development.

Studies related to disasters, crises, and dangers in tourist destinations have continuously been conducted. However, studies that simultaneously analyze differences in the perception of tourists and local residents regarding disasters were insufficient. In the present study, we analyzed the risk perceptions of earthquakes from the perspective of local residents and tourists who experienced an earthquake directly or indirectly. It is noteworthy that risk perception of satisfaction and risk perception of media coverage applied in this study influenced psychological responses of tourists and local residents, respectively. The results of this study are as follows: Tourists seemed to be mindful of the local residents in the disaster-affected area, and at the same time, feared that they would be socially dismayed and reluctant to travel to the disaster-affected areas. Local residents strive to minimize the contraction of the tourism industry due to the disaster, but their negative feelings about the media were high due to inaccurate and negative media reports. Theoretically, our study contributes to understanding the risk perception of satisfaction and risk perception of media which were not previously covered in the field of tourism. The practical implication includes identifying differences in awareness between the two sides. It is possible to establish differentiated countermeasures and countermeasures for tourists and local residents in the event of a disaster.

study examines the impacts of tourism-related foreign direct investment (TFDI) as
\nperceived by local people, drawing on their experienced 'realities'. In an attempt to capture a
\nmore holistic picture of TFDI impacts, it takes a multi-stakeholder approach. Emphasis is
\nplaced on local residents, however the study includes perspectives of resort hotel employers,
\nlocally-based suppliers, investors, policy-makers, tourism and business association
\nrepresentatives, local residents who are TFDI resort hotel employees, and local residents who
\nare non-TFDI employees. The research is situated in the context of Barbados, a tourismdependent,
\nsmall island developing state - a tourist destination that remains under-researched
\nby tourism scholars.
\nThe idea that reality is open to multiple interpretations through lived experiences underpins
\nthe ethos of this thesis. It is guided by an interpretive approach with the purpose to capture
\ndifferent 'experienced realities' of local impacts of TFDI in Barbados. In order to extend
\ncurrent TFDI knowledge, this study uses qualitative data as opposed to applying econometric
\nanalysis which is generally adopted in TFDI studies. Qualitative expert and empirically
\ninformed in-depth interviews are used to develop an understanding of organisational
\nbehaviour in relation to resort hotels as examples of TFDI employers, alongside semistructured
\ninterviews with locally-based suppliers, investors, policy-makers, and tourism and
\nbusiness association representatives. Additionally, the use of focus group interviews with
\nresort hotel employees and local residents allow for a broad spread of views to be captured
\nwhilst placing emphasis on personal experiences, interpretations and views on the
\nconsequences of tourism development through FDI.
\nThe study showed that the perceived enhanced economic development options for Barbados’
\ntourism sector and local communities, as well as employment opportunities for locals, and
\nBarbados global investment reputation are reasons that Barbados focuses its attention on
\nTFDI. Value for money, in terms of investment concessions, is the primary motivation for
\nTFDIs to invest in Barbados. Key TFDI impacts from previous research were confirmed in
\nthe realities experienced by all stakeholders in this research namely impacts on demand
\npatterns, capital, technology, skills formation, local firms, and policy implications. It may be
\nargued that the perceptions gathered during this research study are not merely a reflection on
\nthe self-interests of each stakeholder group. The power dynamics between groups, namely,
\nforeign-owned investors and the government was a highlighted theme by a number of
\nstakeholders, including local residents.

Despite the growth of film tourism studies, there has been a paucity of academic attention given to the impacts of film tourism on local communities and residents at film tourism destinations. This chapter adopts a longitudinal approach and aims to examine and discuss how, and the extent to which, local residents’ perceptions and attitudes towards the impacts of film tourism at a film tourism destination have changed, been transformed and/or adjusted over time. The findings suggest that during the film production stage, the local communities generally had positive perceptions and attitudes towards the impacts of film tourism and anticipated further positive indirect effects of the film’s production in the future. However, their generally positive perceptions and attitudes gradually began to change during the post-production effects (PPEFs) phase, leaving them with mixed perceptions and attitudes.

Local residents play an indispensable role in environmental conservation at tourist destinations. To facilitate the sustainable development of tourism, it is of great significance to identify how and when residents engage in pro-environmental behaviors. Based on the theory of motives, the analysis results from a survey of 566 local residents in Xidi and Hongcun of Southern Anhui suggests that the motivations (i.e., egoistic and altruistic motivation) have not only direct effects but also indirect effects via the resident-destination relationship variables (i.e., pro-environmental identification and pro-environmental commitment) on residents’ engagement in pro-environmental behaviors. These findings predict the underlying mechanisms of the motivations to influence residents’ engagement in pro-environmental behaviors. The results also present that the direct effects of the motivations regarding residents’ engagement in pro-environmental behaviors are positively moderated by the pro-environmental climate, which shows the boundary condition of the motivations to affect residents’ engagement in pro-environmental behaviors. Generally, this paper reveals how and when the motivations play roles in residents’ engagement in pro-environmental behaviors, which provides important practical implications for tourism destination management. Additionally, this study focuses on local residents of tourist destinations, which broadens the research perspective of pro-environmental behaviors in the tourism field.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to empirically analyze the relationship between the attitudes of local residents, team image, and team support according to the founding expected effectiveness of the women’s professional volleyball team perceived by local residents.BR Method: On February 11 and February 24, 2022, the spectators who directly watched the women’s volleyball V-league match held at Pepper Stadium (Gwangju Yeomju Gymnasium) were selected as a sample group and surveyed, and analyzed through the final 277 effective samples. For data analysis, SPSS 24.0 and AMOS 26.0 were used for frequency analysis, correlation analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and structural equation model analysis.BR Results: The results of this study are as follows. First, the founding expected effectiveness of a local new women’s professional volleyball team (economic, cultural, and promotion expected effectiveness) had a positive effect on the attitudes of local residents. Second, the attitude of local residents after the creation of a local new women’s professional volleyball team had a positive effect on the team image and team sup-port. Third, the team image had a positive effect on the team support of the local new women’s professional volleyball team.BR Conclusion: In summary, when a new professional sports district is established through the local association system, local residents’ voluntary and active attitudes can be drawn only when they are highly recognized, suggesting that local people raise a positive team image of professional sports team and team support.

The other side of the border: Austrian local residents’ attitudes towards the neighbouring Czech Šumava National Park

Determining food tourism consumption of wild mushrooms in Yunnan Provence, China: A projection-pursuit approach

Place-based identity theories prove to be valid in better understanding resident attitudes towards support for tourism. Yet, its effectiveness is not verified in the context of dark tourism and resident attitudes towards dark tourism remains unknown. Based on a survey of 526 local residents in China’s Yingxiu, the epicentre of the Great Wenchuan Earthquake, the authors examined the relationships between the local residents’ place-based identity motives and their attitudes towards support for dark tourism development. Results show that the motive of ‘belonging/meaning’ is one of the most important determinants; residents’ involvement in dark tourism and bereavement affect their identity motives and attitudes towards support for dark tourism. The theoretical contributions and managerial implications are discussed.

In many developing countries, there are protected areas with very strong natural resources and tourism development potential but in a poor conservation condition. Many of these areas are at pre or early stages of tourism development. These protected areas face problems including shortages of financial resources and park staff, and difficulty in enforcing conservation laws. Strict conservation laws have limited local residents’ access to the natural resources and created problems such as increased poaching, habitat destruction and local people-park conflicts. This study adopts a case study approach, choosing two villages in rural Iran that are located near protected areas, one with no tourism and one at the early stage of tourism. Both these villages are experiencing challenges in striving for environmental protection and community development in a remote area of the country. There is a growing body of literature that recognises the importance of local resident attitudes and local people-park relationship roles in achieving both conservation goals and sustainable tourism development in and around protected areas. It is also suggested that incentives from tourism have a pivotal role in positively affecting local resident attitudes to the environment and consequently their behaviour. However, a challenge in the tourism literature is that most of the studies on local resident attitudes to the environment were conducted at a certain stage of development and their results cannot be applied to other stages. Although the literature indicates that tourism revenues improve local resident attitudes towards the environment and conservation, with no study comparing attitudes before and after tourism development, it is unclear whether these positive attitudes are due to tourism benefits or whether the local resident attitudes were positive even before tourism development. It is also widely discussed and hypothesised in the tourism literature that people with positive environmental attitudes are more likely to support environmental conservation activities. Local resident attitudes towards conservation have generally been studied as a single variable in the tourism literature. Importantly the environmental literature suggests that local resident attitudes towards environmental conservation and their attitudes towards protected area management might be different and a distinction has been made in studying these attitudes as separate variables. Consequently, this study aims to investigate the differences between local resident attitudes towards the environment, protected area management (PAM) and tourism at two early stages of tourism development by comparing attitudes in a community that has no prior experience of tourism and a community at an early stage of tourism development. This involved developing six ii hypotheses to assess the association between the three variables within and across a non-tourism setting and a setting with some tourism development in the two case study villages. A survey instrument was designed to measure local residents’ socio-demographic information, attitudes towards the environment, attitudes towards protected area management, and attitudes towards tourism. Information on the cases study villages was also gathered via interviews, observations and secondary data. Analyses of the survey data revealed that, in contrast to the literature, there were no significant differences in attitudes toward the environment between the two settings. Importantly, there were statistically significant differences between attitudes towards protected area management in the two settings. Based on the survey and the other qualitative data collected, it seems that tourism was successful in providing alternative sources of income for local residents and in reducing their dependence on natural resources and resulted in fewer local people-park conflicts and more positive attitudes towards protected area management. However, observation in the village with tourism showed that these positive environmental attitudes did not translate into environmental behaviour, as local residents were engaged in unsustainable environmental activities in the village. For the case study villages, tourism does appear to offer potential to improve both environmental protection and community development, but tourism development needs to proceed carefully and with awareness of the potential for other environmental problems to emerge if it is not well managed. This study has contributed to the tourism body of knowledge as the first study to focus on local resident attitudes at the pre-development stage and compare it with attitudes at the early stages of tourism development. It further made a distinction between attitudes towards the environment and attitudes towards protected area management which had not been previously addressed in tourism studies. Practical suggestions have been made for protected area mangers and tourism planners. Knowing local resident attitudes at the early stages of tourism development should assist in reducing local people-park conflicts, improving environmental conservation, and reducing negative tourism environmental impacts. To ensure tourism contributes to both environmental conservation and community development, there is a need for different management strategies such as education programs, zoning, and law enforcement in and around protected areas. To achieve these goals, all key stakeholders such as government bodies and local communities must be included in protected area planning and tourism development.

This study focused on the condition of Eco- tourism in Gabaldon, Nueva Ecija, Philippines as being perceived by the local residents. It attempted to identify the qualities of Gabaldon Nueva Ecija as an eco-tourist destination; the over-all rating of the local residents in terms of tourism components; the perceived impacts of tourism to local residents among the economic, the socio-cultural and environment; the level of community awareness; and the common problems encountered by the tourists. The participants of the study were chosen using a purposive random sampling, a total of 88 respondents were utilized in this study i.e. eight respondents for each ten barangays identified wherein, tourist destinations are located. Furthermore, respondents of the study were chosen by the following criteria: (1) barangay officials who were responsible in overseeing the tourist spot as well as assisting in the tourist arrival; (2) resort employees; (3) resort owners; (4) residents who reside nearby/in the tourist destination. Upon identifying the respondents, a face to face interview and observation were conducted in which the researcher uncovered trends in thoughts and opinions and dove deeper into the perception of local residents who only had a minimal knowledge about tourism. After the said procedure, questionnaires were disseminated which contained 7 parts: (1) concerned with the profile of the respondents; (2) respondent’s perception on the qualities of Gabaldon, Nueva Ecija to be considered as an eco-tourist destination; (3) the over-all rating of the local residents to different resorts and natural parks in terms of tourism component; (4) the impact of tourism to local residents in terms of economic, socio-cultural, and environmental aspects; (5) the level of community awareness; (6) the common problems encountered by the tourists; and (7) the different policies, procedures and guidelines that can be recommended to attain sustainable tourism based on the local residents’ perspectives. Frequency Distribution and Percentage; Weighted Mean and Ranking were used as a Statistical Treatment of data. The study came up with the following findings: In terms of qualities, the item “offers different recreational facilities such as the presence of resorts and natural tourist attractions” got the highest rank with a verbal interpretation of “Good” from the total response of the respondents. They perceived Gabaldon (Summer Capital of Nueva Ecija) as good in terms of climate; serves as home to NEUST Gabaldon Campus which offers farm tourism ambiance and scenic landscape, cultures and festival. Also, the respondents rated the item “positive socio-cultural and economic impacts of eco-tourism” as “Strongly Agree” while they also agreed on the negative impacts of it. On both positive and negative environmental impacts of eco-tourism, the respondents also answered “Agree” on those items. Furthermore, on the identified problems met by the tourists, the items obtained an over-all verbal interpretation of “Agree”. To sum it all, the study shows that the respondents were aware about the tourism of the municipality. The researcher found out that if the LGU will prioritize tourism more, the economic aspect of the area will grow because of the multiplier effects of tourism. In totality, the researcher fully recommends that, the LGU may strengthen the tourism of the municipality by adopting a Tourism Destination Management to achieve sustainable and competitive results.

There is already known that brand equity of tourism destination can influence tourist decision making to choose a destination to be visited. However, there is no information on how tourism destination brand equity influences tourist’s behavior during their vacation in destination such as extend tourist length of stay, encourage to be revisit tourist, and willing to recommend for others.
 This research aims to analyze the effect of Bali brand equity on tourists traveling behavior. The research was conducted from January to November 2015 in five main tourism objects in Bali. Data were collected through survey of 240 foreign tourists and analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA).
 The research result shows that the influence of Bali brand equity to tourists traveling behavior as a whole through destination brand awareness, destination brand image, destination brand association, and destinastion perceived quality. While, individually: (a) the frequency of visiting Bali is affected by distinctive features for stunning natural beauty of Bali and safe and peaceful Bali turism destination, (b) the length of stay during vacation in Bali is affected Bali as one of the world's main destination, strong brand Bali recall, warm-politely-friendly local people, safe and peaceful destination, and excellent tourism physical facilities, and (c) the frequency recommending Bali to others is affected by distinctive features for stunning natural beauty of Bali, warm-politely-friendly local people, and safe and peaceful destination.
 Give stressing on the attributes of destination that develop tourist’s positive behavior to Bali as a tourism destination will determine the success of Bali in world tourism market competition.

Community perception of biodiversity conservation within protected areas in Benin

To ascertain whether COVID-19 infection affects sperm quality and measure the scale of the effects. A cross sectional study and a longitudinal study were conducted during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic (from September 7th 2022 to late January 2023) in China. 604 patients participated in the cross sectional study; 140 in the longitudinal study with 149 unaffected natural controls. The cross sectional study included participants who produce semen sample after COVID-19. The longitudinal study included COVID-19 positive participants who could provide semen samples before and after the infection. In addition, patients unaffected by the infection who could provide two consecutive semen samples over the same period were included as controls for the longitudinal study. Conventional sperm quality parameters including sperm count, motility, morphology and more recent parameters such as sperm DNA fragmentation index (DFI) and sperm chromatin immaturity were observed. In the cross sectional study, the exposure group demonstrated significantly lower total sperm count (159.58 × 106 vs. 185.42 × 106, P = 0.042), lower percentage of grade A sperms (5.37% vs. 8.45%, P = 0.009), lower progressive motility (24.74 ± 14.96% vs. 28.73 ± 16.65%, P = 0.023), lower total motility (32.04 ± 18.03% vs. 36.91 ± 20.86%, P = 0.022), and higher sperm DFI (17.50% vs. 11.75%, P = 0.030) than the controls. In the longitudinal study, after the infection, patients showed lower total sperm count (131.80 × 106 vs. 173.63 × 106, Δd = -20.49 × 106, P = 0.018 ), lower percentage of grade A sperms ( 2.61% vs. 8.50%, Δd = -3.18%, P < 0.001), lower progressive motility (19.82 ± 13.68% vs. 24.88 ± 14.97%, Δd = -5.07 ± 11.94%, P < 0.001) and lower total motility (26.64 ± 17.35% vs. 32.25 ± 18.69%, Δd = -5.62 ± 14.30%, P < 0.001) and higher DFI (32.10 ± 21.30% vs. 26.49 ± 18.54%, Δd = 5.61 ± 13.71%, P < 0.039) than before the infection, while the negative controls showed the opposite changes. Finally, in the longitudinal study, after the infection, 59.29% of the COVID-19 positive patients showed deteriorated sperm concentration, 57.86% deteriorated total sperm count, 71.43% Grade A sperm, 65.00% progressive motility, 69.29% total motility, and 75.00% sperm DFI, while the changes in negative controls were all less than 40% (P < 0.002). COVID-19 was associated with poor sperm quality. The findings would be useful for clinicians to manage men with fertility problems who suffered COVID-19.