Abstract
Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) and its precursors, including choline, betaine, and L-carnitine, are gut microbiota-related metabolites associated with the risk of obesity. We aimed (1) to comprehensively examine whether the changes in plasma TMAO and its precursors induced by lifestyle intervention are associated with the improvements in plasma metabolic parameters; and (2) to identify the fecal microbiome profiles and nutrient intakes associated with these metabolites and metabolic index. Data from 40 participants (obese children and adolescents) having the plasma metabolites data related to the changes in BMI z-scores after 6-month lifestyle intervention were analyzed. In this study, we observed that choline and the betaine-to-choline ratio (B/C) showed different patterns depending on the changes in BMI z-scores by the response to lifestyle intervention. During the 6 months, an increase in choline and a decrease in B/C were observed in non-responders. We also found that changes in choline and B/C were associated with the improvements in plasma lipid levels. Individuals who showed reduced choline or increased B/C from the baseline to 6 months had a significant decrease in LDL-cholesterol over 6 months compared to those with increased choline or decreased B/C, respectively. In addition, the increase in choline or decrease in B/C was associated with the increase in plasma triglycerides. The distribution of gut microbiota belonging to the Firmicutes, such as Clostridia, Clostridiales, Peptostreptococcaceae, Romboutsia, and Romboutsia timonensis was altered to be lower during the 6 months both as choline decreased and B/C increased. Moreover, the decrease in choline and the increase in B/C were associated with reduced fat intake and increased fiber intake after the 6-month intervention. Finally, lower abundance of Romboutsia showed the association with lower LDL-cholesterol and higher intake of fiber. In summary, we demonstrated that reduced choline and increased B/C by lifestyle intervention were associated with the improvements of LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides, low-fat and high-fiber intakes, and low abundance of Firmicutes. These indicate that changes to circulating choline and B/C could predict individuals’ changes in metabolic compositions in response to the lifestyle intervention.
Highlights
The prevalence of obesity has steadily increased worldwide over the past few decades [1]
We investigated whether circulating trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) and its precursors, including choline, L-carnitine, and betaine, were affected by lifestyle interventions and whether changes in these metabolites were related to improvement in metabolic parameters among obese or severely obese children
We found that individuals who showed both reduced choline and increased betaine-to-choline ratio (B/C) from the baseline measurement to 6 months had significant decreases in LDL cholesterol over 6 months compared to those with increased choline but decreased B/C
Summary
The prevalence of obesity has steadily increased worldwide over the past few decades [1]. Mounting evidence has demonstrated that successful weight loss prior to early adulthood reduces the future risk of obesity and metabolic disease [3,4]. These findings emphasize the importance of providing interventions early in life, while suggesting the need for monitoring targets to predict adiposity reductions. Previous studies have shown that changes in TMAO and its precursors, choline and L-carnitine, predict successful weight loss in overweight and obese adults but are related to improvement in the insulin sensitivity [12]. Few studies have examined whether the changes in metabolites induced by lifestyle interventions affect the changes in metabolic parameters and gut microbiota in children and adolescents
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