Abstract
Photosynthesis is a universal process for plant survival, and immune defense is also a key process in adapting to the growth environment. Various studies have indicated that these two processes are interconnected in a complex network. Photosynthesis can influence signaling pathways and provide both materials and energy for immune defense, while the immune defense process can also have feedback effects on photosynthesis. Pathogen infection inevitably leads to changes in photosynthesis parameters, including Pn, Gs, and Ci; biochemical materials such as SOD and CAT; signaling molecules such as H2O2 and hormones; and the expression of genes involved in photosynthesis. Some researchers have found that changes in photosynthesis activity are related to the resistance level of the host, the duration after infection, and the infection position (photosynthetic source or sink). Interactions between wheat and the main fungal pathogens, such as Puccinia striiformis, Blumeria graminis, and Fusarium graminearum, constitute an ideal study system to elucidate the relationship between changes in host photosynthesis and resistance levels, based on the accessibility of methods for artificially controlling infection and detecting changes in photosynthesis, the presence of multiple pathogens infecting different positions, and the abundance of host materials with various resistance levels. This review is written only from the perspective of plant pathologists, and after providing an overview of the available data, we generally found that changes in photosynthesis in the early stage of pathogen infection could be a causal factor influencing acquired resistance, while those in the late stage could be the result of resistance formation.
Highlights
Photosynthesis is a universal process in the plant kingdom that occurs in various green organs, such as leaves [1], young stems [2], green fruits [3], and ears before maturity [4], providing a material basis and energy supply for multiple physiological metabolic processes in plants [5]
Comparative transcriptome analysis suggested that reactive oxygen species (ROS) may accumulate in susceptible mutants of the wheat cultivar Wangshuibai after inoculation with F. graminearum but not in Fusarium head blight (FHB)-resistant cultivars of Wangshuibai [94]. Another example is the FHB-resistant line L693, which exhibits temporary infection symptoms due to insufficient accumulation of ROS after inoculation with F. graminearum, after which systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is induced in distal tissues via the salicylic acid (SA) pathway to resist pathogen invasion [74]. These results indicate that type II resistance to spreading within the wheat head mediated by the jasmonic acid (JA) or SA pathway may determine the compatibility between pathogens and wheat instead of mediating a strong immune defense response based on ROS at the site of parasitic fungal infection [74,94,95]
Changes in photosynthesis parameters in the early stage after pathogen infection could be an important causal agent contributing to the final resistance ability of plants, while changes in the late stage after pathogen infection could be the result of the resistance response
Summary
Photosynthesis is a universal process in the plant kingdom that occurs in various green organs, such as leaves [1], young stems [2], green fruits [3], and ears before maturity [4], providing a material basis and energy supply for multiple physiological metabolic processes in plants [5]. At different growth and development stages, the photosynthetic sources and sinks can change . Lack of water can limit photosynthesis efficiency due to thylakoid membrane damage and reduced chlorophyll contents [13]. Both high and low temperatures inhibit the activities of photosynthesis-related enzymes and membrane-associated electron carriers, further reducing the rate of photosynthesis [14,15]. Similar decreases were observed in interactions between tobacco and Phytophthora nicotianae [23] and between Arabidopsis and Pseudomonas syringae [26] These findings indicate that the difference in the degree of photosynthetic changes in the early stages of infection could be an indicator of the resistance level
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