Changes in Cultivation Pattern of Wheat and Rice as Influenced by the Key Innovations in Research, Policy and Institution Initiatives

Abstract

Background: The dynamic national innovation systems are viewed as collections of science and technology delivered by institutions that can act as the basis for technological development which should be translated into useful knowledge channels which concern governmental and public policies. The institutional approaches for relevant technological changes and governmental policies are necessary and effective to improve the third world agricultural production, research and development especially on wheat and rice as those two feed most of the world population. In the third world countries like India, innovation and technological changes in agricultural research can generate great returns where green revolution technologies have had a significant impact. Results: Zero-tillage technology, use of stress tolerating high yielding genotypes and genetically up-lifted popular cultivars, application of integrated nutrient and pest management for sustainable agriculture with proper use of water and finally the involvement of loca l government and non-governmental organizations entirely and by all means have improved the present status of wheat and rice cultivation system. Conclusion: But the threat of rapid increase of world population as well as emerging environmental instability will persist and hence new institutional initiatives that are now beginning to be introduced should be welcome and encouraged. This study reviewed the impact of scientists, scientific institutions and policy makers to increase global production of wheat and rice for mitigating increasing population demand and make it sustainable.