Abstract
The renal indications for the use of intravenous CEUS in pediatric patients include diagnosis and follow-up of suspected complicated infections (carbuncle, abscess), complicated cysts, cystic masses, trauma, suspected infarction, evaluation of transplants, tumour vascularity and where there is a contraindication to CT or MR imaging contrast agents. Contrast-enhanced voiding urosonography (ceVUS) has also proven to be a safe and reliable imaging technique for detecting VUR and urethral abnormalities in children of both genders. CEVUS is a well-established application of pediatric CEUS to diagnose and to stage the severity vesico-ureteral reflux (VUR). The examination is performed following bladder catheterization. UCA is administered intravesically under real time US imaging. The presence of contrast agents (UCA) within the ureter, renal pelvis and calyces is indicative of VUR, graded in a similar manner to voiding cystourethrography (VCUG). There is currently no literature focusing on intra-cavitary use of CEUS in children but application in nephrostomy is possible.
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