Abstract
Background and aimsRenal fibrosis is the common outcome in all progressive forms of chronic kidney disease. Unfortunately, the pathogenesis of renal fibrosis remains largely unexplored, among which metabolic reprogramming plays an extremely crucial role in the evolution of renal fibrosis. Ceria nanoparticles (CeNP-PEG) with strong ROS scavenging and anti-inflammatory activities have been applied for mitochondrial oxidative stress and inflammatory diseases. The present study aims to determine whether CeNP-PEG has therapeutic value for renal fibrosis.MethodsThe unilateral ureteral obstructive fibrosis model was used to assess the therapeutic effects in vivo. Transforming growth factor beta1-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in HK-2 cells was used as the in vitro cell model. The seahorse bioscience X96 extracellular flux analyzer was used to measure the oxygen consumption rate and extracellular acidification rate.ResultsIn the present study, CeNP-PEG treatment significantly ameliorated renal fibrosis by increased E-cadherin protein expression, and decreased α-SMA, Vimentin and Fibronectin expression both in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, CeNP-PEG significantly reduced the ROS formation and improved the levels of mitochondrial ATP. The seahorse analyzer assay demonstrated that the extracellular acidification rate markedly decreased, whereas the oxygen consumption rate markedly increased, in the presence of CeNP-PEG. Furthermore, the mitochondrial membrane potential markedly enhanced, hexokinase 1 and hexokinase 2 expression significantly decreased after treatment with CeNP-PEG.ConclusionsCeNP-PEG can block the dysregulated metabolic status and exert protective function on renal fibrosis. This may provide another therapeutic option for renal fibrosis.Graphical
Highlights
IntroductionRenal fibrosis is the common outcome in all progressive forms of chronic kidney disease
Background and aimsRenal fibrosis is the common outcome in all progressive forms of chronic kidney disease
The mitochondrial membrane potential markedly enhanced, hexokinase 1 and hexokinase 2 expression significantly decreased after treatment with ceria nanoparticles (CeNP)-Polyethylene glycol (PEG)
Summary
Renal fibrosis is the common outcome in all progressive forms of chronic kidney disease. Renal fibrosis is the common outcome in all progressive forms of CKD. The complicated pathogenesis of renal fibrosis has been studied for a long time, but has remained largely unexplored. During the development of renal fibrosis, the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in tubular cells was detected [3], and this has been considered as the reactive process that occurs in response to nutrient deprivation, tissue damage, and the increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines or reactive oxygen species (ROS) [4, 5]. Glycolysis is stimulated by hypoxia, and is upregulated in the presence of oxygen as an abnormal form—the aerobic glycolysis (Warburg effect) This is a multiplestep metabolic process in response to glucose uptake, increased glycolysis and weakened oxidative phosphorylation, and its enzymatically catalyzed steps convert glucose to pyruvate molecules for cellular energy generation [8]. Small molecular antioxidants or nanoparticles that can reduce oxidative stress may exhibit positive effects on renal fibrosis
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