Abstract
An event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging study examined how speakers inspect their own speech for errors. Concretely, we sought to assess 1) the role of the temporal cortex in monitoring speech errors, linked with comprehension-based monitoring; 2) the involvement of the cerebellum in internal and external monitoring, linked with forward modeling; and 3) the role of the medial frontal cortex for internal monitoring, linked with conflict-based monitoring. In a word production task priming speech errors, we observed enhanced involvement of the right posterior cerebellum for trials that were correct, but on which participants were more likely to make a word as compared with a nonword error (contrast of internal monitoring). Furthermore, comparing errors to correct utterances (contrast of external monitoring), we observed increased activation of the same cerebellar region, of the superior medial cerebellum, and of regions in temporal and medial frontal cortex. The presence of the cerebellum for both internal and external monitoring indicates the use of forward modeling across the planning and articulation of speech. Dissociations across internal and external monitoring in temporal and medial frontal cortex indicate that monitoring of overt errors is more reliant on vocal feedback control.
Highlights
Several phenomena indicate that speakers inspect their utterances for errors
We aimed at better characterizing the presence of 3 different monitoring mechanisms invoked to account for both inner and external monitoring, namely 1) “comprehension-based monitoring” with neural correlates in temporal cortex, 2) “forward modeling” with neural correlates in the cerebellum, and 3) “conflict-based monitoring” with neural correlates in medial frontal cortex
Using Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) coordinates reported in the previous literature (Table 1), we examined percent signal change for our 2 contrasts in 11 predefined regions of interest (ROI) located in temporal, cerebellar, and medial frontal regions
Summary
Several phenomena indicate that speakers inspect their utterances for errors. The most obvious evidence for this is that speakers can interrupt and correct themselves (self-repairs, Levelt 1983) or accurately report having committed an error (Postma and Noordanus 1996). Certain types of errors, such as taboo or nonwords, occur below chance when they would be considered as inappropriate utterances (Baars et al 1975; Nooteboom and Quené 2008) This indicates that the monitor can filter out impending errors before articulation, lending further support to the notion that monitoring may take place internally. We aimed at better characterizing the presence of 3 different monitoring mechanisms invoked to account for both inner and external monitoring, namely 1) “comprehension-based monitoring” with neural correlates in temporal cortex, 2) “forward modeling” with neural correlates in the cerebellum, and 3) “conflict-based monitoring” with neural correlates in medial frontal cortex To this end, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during an overt production task eliciting speech errors
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