Abstract
Centrioles are-widely conserved barrel-shaped organelles present in most organisms. They are indirectly involved in the organization of the cytoplasmic microtubules both in interphase and during the cell division by recruiting the molecules needed for microtubule nucleation. Moreover, the centrioles are required to assemble cilia and flagella by the direct elongation of their microtubule wall. Due to the importance of the cytoplasmic microtubules in several aspects of the cell life, any defect in centriole structure can lead to cell abnormalities that in humans may result in significant diseases. Many aspects of the centriole dynamics and function have been clarified in the last years, but little attention has been paid to the exceptions in centriole structure that occasionally appeared within the animal kingdom. Here, we focused our attention on non-canonical aspects of centriole architecture within the Hexapoda. The Hexapoda is one of the major animal groups and represents a good laboratory in which to examine the evolution and the organization of the centrioles. Although these findings represent obvious exceptions to the established rules of centriole organization, they may contribute to advance our understanding of the formation and the function of these organelles.
Highlights
The CentrioleMany aspects of a cell’s function depend on the dynamic behaviour of an organized microtubule network
Due to the importance of the cytoplasmic microtubules in several aspects of the cell life, any defect in centriole structure can lead to cell abnormalities that in humans may result in significant diseases
To gain insight into the general organization of the centrioles we review the centriole structure and function in Hexapoda, with attention to centriole dynamics during male gametogenesis
Summary
Many aspects of a cell’s function depend on the dynamic behaviour of an organized microtubule network. The main site for microtubule nucleation in animal cells is the centrosome, a non-membrane bound organelle composed by several proteins, the pericentriolar material (PCM). The PCM undergoes a cell-cycle dependent expansion, a process termed centrosome maturation [27] In this process, Spindle defective 2 (Spd2) and Centrosomin (Cnn), that are involved in the recruitment of g-tubulin, accumulated at the onset of cell division [28]. The centrioles impact upon several aspects of cell development and physiology, their structure and function have been studied over the years. This analysis was mainly addressed to examine centrioles in a few model organisms, such as Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster, and some vertebrate cell lines. This leads to the rapid evolution of fertilizing barriers between different populations, with a consequent rapid sperm diversification [45]
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