Abstract
BackgroundM13 bacteriophages can be readily fabricated as nanofibers due to non-toxic bacterial virus with a nanofiber-like shape. In the present study, we prepared hybrid nanofiber matrices composed of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid, PLGA) and M13 bacteriophages which were genetically modified to display the RGD peptide on their surface (RGD-M13 phage).ResultsThe surface morphology and chemical composition of hybrid nanofiber matrices were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Raman spectroscopy, respectively. Immunofluorescence staining was conducted to investigate the existence of M13 bacteriophages in RGD-M13 phage/PLGA hybrid nanofibers. In addition, the attachment and proliferation of three different types of fibroblasts on RGD-M13 phage/PLGA nanofiber matrices were evaluated to explore how fibroblasts interact with these matrices. SEM images showed that RGD-M13 phage/PLGA hybrid matrices had the non-woven porous structure, quite similar to that of natural extracellular matrices, having an average fiber diameter of about 190 nm. Immunofluorescence images and Raman spectra revealed that RGD-M13 phages were homogeneously distributed in entire matrices. Moreover, the attachment and proliferation of fibroblasts cultured on RGD-M13 phage/PLGA matrices were significantly enhanced due to enriched RGD moieties on hybrid matrices.ConclusionsThese results suggest that RGD-M13 phage/PLGA matrices can be efficiently used as biomimetic scaffolds for tissue engineering applications.
Highlights
M13 bacteriophages can be readily fabricated as nanofibers due to non-toxic bacterial virus with a nanofiber-like shape
We demonstrated that these matrices improved cellular behaviors by synergistic effects, resulting from the excellent biocompatibility of PLGA and the ability to enhance the cell attachment of RGD sequences displayed on the surface of M13 bacteriophages
The artificial scaffolds should be similar to structural property of the natural extracellular matrix (ECM) and support cell growth through 3D microenvironment
Summary
M13 bacteriophages can be readily fabricated as nanofibers due to non-toxic bacterial virus with a nanofiber-like shape. The ECM is very important because it affects cellular behaviors such as cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation through biochemical or physical signal as well as provides a 3D microenvironment conductive to cellular growth [1,2,3,4]. An electrospinning technique has been widely used to fabricate nanofibrous matrices which were structurally similar to the natural ECM. A previous study has already shown that nanofibrous matrices fabricated by an electrospinning process were suitable for tissue engineering scaffolds [17]. The advantage of this technique is that non-woven porous matrices can be produced as well as incorporated with bioactive agents including growth factors, peptides and drugs [7]
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