Abstract
Regulatory B cells (Bregs) are unique subpopulations of B cells with immune-regulating or immune-suppressing properties and play a role in peripheral tolerance. Due to the current limitations of human Breg studies among periodontal diseases, in the present study, we tried to analyze the change in circulating Bregs, pro-inflammatory, and anti-inflammatory cytokines in patients with periodontitis. Peripheral blood from 55 patients with stage 2 periodontitis and 20 healthy controls was analyzed using flow cytometry to evaluate the frequency of CD19+CD24+CD38+ Breg cells. ELISA was used to assess the serum levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukins (IL)-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and anti-inflammatory cytokines including IL-10, IL-35, and TGF-β. Increased proportions of Breg cells were observed in patients with stage 2 periodontitis compared to controls. Serum levels of cytokines were significantly higher in patients with periodontitis compared to controls. A significant positive correlation was observed between the frequencies of Breg cells and IL35 levels, IL10 levels, and TGF-β. In conclusion, our results suggest that the increase in peripheral Breg cells and serum cytokine levels among periodontitis patients seems to be closely associated with disease progression, a possible link between periodontitis, and systemic inflammatory process.
Highlights
Periodontitis is one of the most prevalent chronic immuno-inflammatory diseases
In our study, we evaluated the change in serum levels of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines among periodontitis patients, and we found that they had higher significant levels of IL6, IL1b, and TNF compared to healthy individuals
The increase in peripheral Breg cells and serum cytokine levels among periodontitis patients seems to be closely associated with disease progression, a possible link between periodontitis, and systemic inflammatory process
Summary
Periodontitis is one of the most prevalent chronic immuno-inflammatory diseases. The term chronic periodontitis has changed to periodontitis according to the most recent classification of periodontal diseases. The report introduced by the American Academy of Periodontology added other parameters to the 1999 Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, such as radiographic bone loss in association with clinical attachment loss [2]. The recent advance has dramatically increased our understanding of immune regulatory cells in the pathogenesis of inflammation. The role of immune regulatory cells has gained substantial acknowledgment in light of recent advances in immunology. Studies have shed considerable light on their properties and role in the pathogenesis of inflammation. The active immune cells in human periodontitis contain numerous assortments of infiltrating cells which are arranged abnormally, with an area rich in T lymphocytes and monocytes/macrophages just tangent to the pocket or sulcular epithelium; and a region in the central lamina propria, positioned farther from the microbial agent, which is rich in B cells and plasma cells and lacking in T lymphocytes [3]
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