Abstract
BackgroundPathophysiological evidence from temporal lobe epilepsy models highlights the hippocampus as the most affected structure due to its high degree of neuroplasticity and control of the dynamics of limbic structures, which are necessary to encode information, conferring to it an intrinsic epileptogenicity. A loss in this control results in observable oscillatory perturbations called fast ripples, in epileptic rats those events are found in CA1, CA3, and the dentate gyrus (DG), which are the principal regions of the trisynaptic circuit of the hippocampus. The present work used Granger causality to address which relationships among these three regions of the trisynaptic circuit are needed to cause fast ripples in CA1 in an in vivo model. For these purposes, male Wistar rats (210–300 g) were injected with a single dose of pilocarpine hydrochloride (2.4 mg/2 µl) into the right lateral ventricle and video-monitored 24 h/day to detect spontaneous and recurrent seizures. Once detected, rats were implanted with microelectrodes in these regions (fixed-recording tungsten wire electrodes, 60-μm outer diameter) ipsilateral to the pilocarpine injection. A total of 336 fast ripples were recorded and probabilistically characterized, from those fast ripples we made a subset of all the fast ripple events associated with sharp-waves in CA1 region (n = 40) to analyze them with Granger Causality.ResultsOur results support existing evidence in vitro in which fast ripple events in CA1 are initiated by CA3 multiunit activity and describe a general synchronization in the theta band across the three regions analyzed DG, CA3, and CA1, just before the fast ripple event in CA1 have begun.ConclusionThis in vivo study highlights the causal participation of the CA3 back-projection to the DG, a connection commonly overlooked in the trisynaptic circuit, as a facilitator of a closed-loop among these regions that prolongs the excitatory activity of CA3. We speculate that the loss of inhibitory drive of DG and the mechanisms of ripple-related memory consolidation in which also the CA3 back-projection to DG has a fundamental role might be underlying processes of the fast ripples generation in CA1.
Highlights
Pathophysiological evidence from temporal lobe epilepsy models highlights the hippocampus as the most affected structure due to its high degree of neuroplasticity and control of the dynamics of limbic structures, which are necessary to encode information, conferring to it an intrinsic epileptogenicity
Hippocampus exhibits a high degree of neuroplasticity and great control of the temporal dynamics of its circuits to encode information [7,8,9,10,11], this property confers an intrinsic epileptogenicity because the loss of excitatory/ inhibitory control [12,13,14] might be fixed as a stable state in the main circuit of the structure, the trisynaptic circuit [10, 15,16,17]
Granger causality test on fast ripple events We modeled the causal relationships between pairs assuming Electroencepha‐ logram (EEG) signals to be linear stochastic processes of stationary covariance, as defined in [45,46,47]
Summary
Pathophysiological evidence from temporal lobe epilepsy models highlights the hippocampus as the most affected structure due to its high degree of neuroplasticity and control of the dynamics of limbic structures, which are necessary to encode information, conferring to it an intrinsic epileptogenicity. There are several proposals of the mechanisms in the trisynaptic circuit that generate and underlie fast ripple activity [18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27], which is an activity observed before and during seizures [28,29,30] in the range of 250–600 Hz, commonly recorded in quiet wakefulness or slow-wave sleep states and related to clusters of pathologically associated neurons [19, 28] This activity is considered as a biomarker of epileptogenic processes [31,32,33,34] and has been described to be produced by neuronal populations ascribed to a volume of approximately 1 mm of tissue [20, 24]. Due to its area specificity and that are commonly found in seizure onset zone, fast ripple activity has been used as a surgical reference to detect candidate areas for resection, with resulting seizure-free outcomes in patients [35,36,37]
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