Abstract
Solid acids such as ZrO2, Al2O3 and ZrO2-Al2O3 were prepared and analyzed for their physico-chemical properties like surface acidity and acid site distribution by NH3-TPD, crystalline nature by powder XRD, functionality by FT-IR, morphology by TEM and elemental analysis by ICP-OES methods. These solid acids were used as catalysts in the solvent free synthesis of biphenyl urea using microwave irradiation technique starting from aniline and dimethyl carbonate. Surface acidity and the phase of the solid acid were found to have a significant role in the synthesis of biphenyl urea. Up to (98%) yield of biphenyl urea with 100% selectivity was obtained in just 12 min. The activity of ZrO2-Al2O3 was compared with Mo(VI)/ZrO2 which is a solid super acid. For comparison, the reactions were also carried out by using conventional heating method. Kinetic studies were carried out to determine energy of activation of the solid acids. These solid acid catalysts were found to be reactivable and reusable when used for up to six reaction cycles.
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