Caste Embeddedness and Entrepreneurship in Colonial and Contemporary India

The driving force behind a nation's economic expansion is entrepreneurship. It boosts economic activity across all facets of peoples' economic lives. Examining the part that entrepreneurship plays in a nation's economic development is the major goal of the current study. One of the most populous nations, India, can benefit greatly from a rise in the economy thanks to entrepreneurship. Based on a survey of the literature on the historical elements of the rise of entrepreneurship in India as well as the most recent trends in this area. For the study, secondary data were consulted. It has been determined that India is ready for an entrepreneurial revolution and that entrepreneurship has significant potential for accelerating the country's economic growth. One of the most populous nations, India, can benefit greatly from a rise in the economy thanks to entrepreneurship. Based on a survey of the literature on the historical elements of the rise of entrepreneurship in India as well as the most recent trends in this area. For the study, secondary data were consulted. It has been determined that India is ready for an entrepreneurial revolution and that entrepreneurship has significant potential for accelerating the country's economic growth. For the growth of entrepreneurship in India, the government has periodically undertaken a number of initiatives. Policymakers in India are paying attention to entrepreneurship. To encourage the growth of the private sector, a number of important programs have been established, notably Startup India. Today, entrepreneurship is viewed as a key tool for industrialisation, development, and a solution to the enduring issue of unemployment. In this essay, an effort has been made to examine the growth of entrepreneurship in India as well as its role now in a country's progress.

Women entrepreneurs are those women who think of a business enterprise, initiate it, organize and combine factors of production, operate the enterprise and undertake risks and handle economic uncertainty involved in running it. The Planning Commission of India depicted that economic development of a country can only take place when women are brought in the mainstream of economic development. With the increase in industrialization, urbanization, liberalization, globalization, digitalization, social legislation, education and literacy, entrepreneurial awareness, and various empowering initiatives and schemes, the role of women are transforming drastically from housewives dealing with kitchen activities referred to as 3 Ps, viz., Pickles, Powder and Pappad into entrepreneurship in terms of 3 Es, viz., Engineering, Electronics and Energy. Indian women in the current era have made great strides relative to the past by overcoming several obstacles on their way. Even though Indian women are not on pace with their counterparts like the western countries, but still the ‘abla’ section is striving hard in establishing themselves in the male-dominated society. The status of women in India has been changing because of their active participation in all spheres of activities like, academic, administration, politics, space, and even industry. According to the Sixth Economic Census report (2016), women constitute around 14 % of the total entrepreneurship in India. By 2030, it is predicted that 150 – 170 million employments will be generated by 30 million plus women-owned enterprises and this might transform the economy’s future more promising than ever. In this scenario, the present paper makes a modest attempt to assess and identify the current scenario and status of women in entrepreneurship and their entrepreneurial activities in India.

The period before 1991, witnessed that the government contact were the main reason for the success of the Indian business, the decisions during this phase was mostly based not on the dynamics of free market but on the connections, due to which large scale success stories in India were few, with limited capital and subdued entrepreneurship. After liberalization the entrepreneurship in India has transformed drastically and the major contributor is the banking system which has gained flexibility with time. Banks have played an important role in developing entrepreneurs as all entrepreneurs don’t necessarily come from sound financial background. They always need loans at initial level for generating capital to start their work. With this mindset Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana or Modi loan known as MUDRA was launched by Narendra Modi which stands for Micro Units Development and Refinance Agency on 8th April, 2015 the target audience are the small business owners who are often neglected, as banks and financial institution focus more on granting products and services to the secured lot who will pay a higher rate of interest and will have their money’s secured. The MUDRA bank Yojana would be helpful in getting this trend changed. The paper deals with an overview of Mudra Yojana, the products offered under the scheme, the progress of the MUDRA Yojana , challenges and opportunities in its way and its role in boosting entrepreneurship in India. The paper concludes that Mudra Yojana so far does not seem to have significantly altered secular trends in lending to target segments.

The global commitment to achieve the sustainable development goals (SDGs) by 2030 focusses on poverty, tackling inequality and injustice, setting different targets including the economic empowerment and the wellbeing of women. Central to an inclusive and sustainable industrial development is the need to harness the economic potential of women and for that entrepreneurship remains critical. The present article is contextualised against the backdrop of the SDGs and tries to address questions of women’s empowerment, agency building and wellbeing through an analysis of the entrepreneurial activities of women. To this end, the article tries to provide policy recommendations indicating that entrepreneurship is not only an economically rewarding activity but also needed to address larger questions on reducing gendered vulnerabilities across social groups and building a women’s agency for sustained labour market participation. The article is based on the secondary data largely drawn from the Economic Census and the reports of the National Sample Survey.

This paper is an attempt to shed light on ownership pattern of micro, small and medium enterprises in various states and union territories of India. Since introduction of liberalization, privatization and globalization, Indian economy has witnessed a rapid growth. On one side private capital and investment got expansion and on other side the government decided to withdraw its capital through disinvestment. In recent years, the job opportunities are shrinking in public sector. Gradually, the relevance of reservation in jobs for scheduled castes, scheduled tribes and other backward class people, has been losing the ground. In order to encourage and support participation of underprivileged groups in business sector, the special financial and promotional institutions have been implementing various schemes of assistance. The present study is based on secondary data. The study analyses the ownership of micro, small and medium enterprises on the basis of gender, religion, caste and other important bases such as, organizations, nature of activity and its size. The study found that there is considerable under representation by women, marginalized groups and religious groups in Indian business and industry. The study suggested that conducive environment should be created to encourage youngsters from marginalized groups and women to accept entrepreneurship as career and support them with required infrastructure, finance and marketing assistance. The time has come to be job givers and not job seekers.

Among Third World countries, India stands out as having one of the most developed ‘big business sectors’, with a recent tendency by some firms to go multinational. This notwithstanding the fact that the public sector plays a major role in the Indian economy. Although the origins of some of India's business groups go back to pre-colonial times, most of them trace their beginnings to the 1850–1950 period, the ‘second colonial century’, during which India underwent a limited process of industrial growth as well as became a major exporter of some agricultural commodities to the world market (tea, jute, cotton, oilseeds, and, prior to 1910, opium and indigo). There are obvious parallels there with the developments in some Latin American countries, particularly Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Mexico and Colombia, which also emerged as major suppliers of raw materials (coffee, sugar, wheat, nonferrous metals) while they built up manufacturing sectors of various magnitudes (with Brazil in the lead). However, the private business sector in these countries presents a picture which differs in many ways from the Indian case. It seems worth attempting a comparison between those two very different underdeveloped regions of the world, the Indian subcontinent and Latin America, in the hope of being able to put the Indian case in a broader perspective. Given the broad similarity in the constraints under which capitalist enterprise laboured in those two areas, a study of the differences in entrepreneurial responses might bring to light certain specificities in Indian entrepreneurial history which often go unnoticed.

The article presents a comprehensive mapping of the recent sociological literature on neoliberalism in the Indian context. It contends that the conceptualisation of neoliberalism demands a serious acknowledgement of the resilience and persistence of the social and its intertwining with the neoliberal economy. In this direction, the article critically reviews the scholarly works on caste, gender and neoliberalism in contemporary India to explicate the mutually constitutive nature of the social and neoliberal economy. The article also maps the recent studies on entrepreneurship and illustrates how caste and gender relations continue to be significant factors in facilitating entrepreneurship among different communities and social groups. The article calls for more sociologically informed conceptual frameworks to understand the unravelling of the neoliberal economy in the diverse socio-economic context of Indian society.

The history of family run business in Surat, India is more than 350 years now. However, over the last several decades, it has been observed that family run enterprises in Surat have not been able to scale up the business by untapping opportunities in international markets. The paper aims to explore the experiences of family-run enterprise owners in their attempt to grow their businesses in Surat. Given the stagnant growth trajectory, less expansion, and minimal diversification over the last several decades, the researcher is intrigued to study the experiences of these family-run enterprise owners. As a phenomenological research study, there is only one question: What experiences have these enterprise owners faced in a family-run enterprise as they attempt to grow their businesses? Non-leading prompts were asked to encourage participants to expand their responses to lead to a deeper understanding of those experiences. As respondents, seventeen family-run enterprise owners have been contacted for In-Depth Interview (IDI). The respondents were from diamond, textile and restaurant business in Surat. The study aided in identifying existing challenges and strengths making the whole experience of family-run enterprise owners unique, diverse and different from the conventional businesses operating in different industry. The findings indicate that the potential of family-run enterprises have not been harnessed to its fullest due to prevailing mediocrities, sub-standard practice, sophisticated and disoriented business procedures and system. Organization Development (OD) interventions would be effective in unearthing deeper issues and problems amongst these family-run enterprises in Surat.

This article reports on an exploration of Indian cultural attitudes towards entrepreneurship, and the degree to which these vary among different regions. It uses Q-methodology in which 139 respondents in Delhi, Kolkata, and Chennai were asked to rank 42 statements about entrepreneurship beliefs and attitudes. This data was factor analysed to discover six distinct regional viewpoints which were grouped by cluster analysis into two subcultural perspectives. These subcultures differ widely from the broad measures of Indian national culture usually cited in the entrepreneurship literature. The effects of these differences on the social environment and subjective norms of individuals who are considering entrepreneurship are highlighted. The existence of distinct regional entrepreneurial cultures has important implications for entrepreneurship theorists and national policy-makers.

Women entrepreneurs are woman or a group of women who run a business enterprise on their own. The various functions of women entrepreneurs include risk mitigation, creating new innovations, administering and managing the enterprise, and most importantly, maintaining work-life balance. India is clearly seeing a revolution as many women are entering the world of business with the aid of globalization, digitalization, and start-ups. All types of women with different backgrounds enter into business, unlike in those days, when women entrepreneurs came from established family business backgrounds or those belonging to higher income groups. A woman entrepreneur requires a positive quality and power in order to sustain herself in the industry in the long run. However, as per the sixth economic census released by the Ministry of Statistics and Programmed Implementation (MoSPI), only fourteen percent of the total entrepreneurship in India is women. Hence, it is proved that women owned firms are still low in India and one of the major reason is due to gender inequality. The objective of this study is to examine the role of women entrepreneurs in Kanyakumari District in overcoming socio-economic and cultural barriers to establish and grow their businesses. A structured questionnaire was framed, and 120 primary data were collected with the use of Google Forms through the convenience sampling method. The secondary data collection was through books, journals, and websites. The findings emphasize the need for empowering women through supportive measures to ensure their long-term success in the entrepreneurial ecosystem. The study underscores the resilience and transformative potential of women entrepreneurs in Kanyakumari District, serving as a testament to their determination to break barriers and contribute meaningfully to economic and social progress.

Change in the Indian business environment because of globalisation has brought many advantages for those women who want to become entrepreneurs. The basic objectives of the paper are to find out the nature of women entrepreneurship ventures in India and examine the motivational factors of women entrepreneurs. Since India is a land of diverse culture, it is assumed that nature of women entrepreneurship ventures differ from place to place. The study is descriptive in nature and based on in-depth review of literature. The studies which have been published in various academic journals and articles in books on various aspects of women entrepreneurship in India during 1996 to 2016 have been considered.

This case study is meant for discussing emergence, growth and characteristics of the New Age Indian Entrepreneur.Since time immemorial, the Indian business segment has been dominated by family-run businesses, with most of them hailing from traditional, money-lending or trading communities, known for their sharp business acumen. But over the past 18 years the number of new generation entrepreneurs is mushrooming. The young are engaged in varied form of small and medium enterprises varying from paper to electronics, engineering to electrical, textile to metal, construction to food processing, education to handicrafts. Considering this trend, on the basis of qualitative data generated through the case studies of Indian entrepreneurs, this articles makes an effort to report on the characteristics of new generation entrepreneurs and explores the motivational factors and importance of other factors such as educational qualification, role of mentoring, prior experience. The article also brings out comparative study of new entrepreneurs and first generation entrepreneurs. The findings suggest that prominent ‘Motivation Triggers’ are ‘Independence’, ‘Market Opportunity’, ‘Family Background’, ‘New Idea’, ‘Challenge’, and ‘Dream Desire’. Motivation triggers vary according to parameters such as gender, family background, and market opportunity. This new wave of entrepreneurship in India is more dominated by factors of higher education, training and incubation, work experience prior to opening a new venture.

Entrepreneurship is the engine of economic growth of a country. It increases the economic activities in every sphere of economic life of the people. The main objective of the present study is to examine the role of entrepreneurship in the economic growth of a country. An attempt has also been made to provide an overview of employment and unemployment in India. The present study concludes that entrepreneurship in India is a key contributor in the area of employment generation, innovations and product improvement. Not only does it create self-employment but it has also built a structure for large-scale employment opportunities. It contributes to the economic growth of a country by promoting capital formation, increasing per capita income, improving the standard of living and balanced growth by removing regional disparities.

This study reports the first use of a newly developed approach to measuring entrepreneurial intent (EI) among regional populations in India. An improved EI scale is needed to avoid the problems that undermine previous attempts to accurately measure EI—especially the confounding of intentions with similar but theoretically distinct constructs such as beliefs, attitudes and expectations. This new 12-item scale is employed to measure EI levels of 335 participants in three regions of India: Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai. Moderately high levels of EI are observed in each location, but the level in Kolkata is found to be significantly higher than the other two regions, contrary to popular expectations. The use of this improved scale is recommended to researchers and policymakers interested in entrepreneurship in India.

Background Treatment selection in routine clinical care is driven by treatment guidelines, physician judgment, patient preferences, and regional reimbursement policies, which may vary over time and among geographic regions. Objectives The objective of this analysis is to investigate the regional and temporal variability of the profile of anti-TNF naive psoriatic arthritis (PsA) patients at initiation of adalimumab (ADA) treatment following failure of initial non-biologic treatment. Methods COMPLETE-PsA is an ongoing Canadian observational study of anti-TNFα naive adults with active PsA who require change in their current treatment as per the judgement of their treating physician. Patients are followed for up to 2 years. Regional variation was assessed for the following regions: British Columbia/Manitoba (BC/MB), Newfoundland/Nova Scotia (NL/NS), ontario (ON), and Quebec (QC). Temporal variation was assessed for the following periods: 2012-2014 and 2015-2017. Multivariate linear regression was used to evaluate the independent impact of region and time period on disease activity (DAS28) and patient function (HAQ). Results A total of 278 patients were included, of whom 68 (24.5%) were from BC/MB, 25 (9%) from NL/NS, 104 (37.4%) from on, and 81 (29.1%) from QC. One hundred fifty-three patients (55%) were enrolled in 2012-2014 and 125 (45%) in 2015-2017. Using univariate analysis, significant regional variation at aDA initiation was observed for the following disease parameters: BSA Conclusion The results of this analysis demonstrate that there is significant regional and temporal variation in the profile of PsA patients initiated on aDA treatment in Canadian routine care. The impact of this profile variation on treatment outcomes requires further investigation. Acknowledgement The authors wish to acknowledge JSS Medical Research, Montreal (QC) Canada for statistical analysis, medical writing and editorial assistance during the preparation of this abstract, and Nathalie Ross, PhD, for editorial assistance. AbbVie provided funding to JSS Medical Research and Nathalie Ross for this work. Disclosure of interests Majed Khraishi Consultant for: abbVie, Speakers bureau: abbVie, Louis Bessette Grant/research support from: amgen, BMS, Janssen, Roche, UCB, abbVie, Pfizer, Merck, Celgene, Sanofi, Lilly, Novartis, Consultant for: amgen, BMS, Janssen, Roche, UCB, abbVie, Pfizer, Merck, Celgene, Sanofi, Lilly, Novartis, Speakers bureau: amgen, BMS, Janssen, Roche, UCB, abbVie, Pfizer, Merck, Celgene, Sanofi, Lilly, Novartis, Samuel Silverberg Consultant for: abbVie, Janssen, Boulos Haraoui Consultant for: abbVie, amgen, Eli Lilly, Merck, Pfizer, Sandoz, UCB, BMS, Janssen, Pfizer, Speakers bureau: amgen, Pfizer, and UCB, andrew Chow Consultant for: abbVie, amgen, BMS, Celgene, Janssen, Lilly, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Speakers bureau: abbVie, BMS, Janssen, Pfizer, Takeda, Yatish Setty Consultant for: abbVie, Valencia P. Remple Shareholder of: abbVie, Employee of: abbVie