Cases, Materials and Text on National, Supranational and International Non-Discrimination Law

Abstract

Chapter 1. Discrimination Grounds 1.1. Introduction 1.2. Suspect grounds of discrimination 1.3. The grounds of discrimination 1.4. Discrimination on grounds of assumed characteristics and discrimination by association 1.5. Multiple discrimination 1.6. Comparative analysis Chapter 2. Direct discrimination 2.1. Introduction 2.2. Recognising direct discrimination 2.3. Establishing direct discrimination 2.4. Proving direct discrimination 2.5. Segregation 2.6. Justifications and exceptions 2.7. Comparative analysis Chapter 3. Indirect discrimination 3.1. Introduction 3.2. Rationales and conceptions of indirect discrimination law 3.3. Origins of indirect discrimination law 3.4. Problems of comparison 3.5. Indirect discrimination - specific elements 3.6. Comparative analysis Chapter 4. Harassment 4.1. Introduction 4.2. Historical development 4.3. The Regulation of Harassment and Sexual Harassment in the EU and its Member States prior to 2000 4.4. Regulation of Harassment and Sexual Harassment after Implementation of Directives 2004/43/EC, 2000/78/EC and 2002/73/EC 4.5. Comparative analysis Chapter 5. Instructions to Discriminate and Victimisation 5.1. Instructions to discriminate 5.2. Victimisation 5.3. Comparative analysis Chapter 6. accommodation 6.1. Introduction 6.2. The meaning of the term Reasonable 6.3. The entitlement to claim a Reasonable and the obligation imposed on the party claiming and required to make the accommodation 6.4. Limitations on the obligation to make a Reasonable and the Disproportionate Burden Requirement 6.5. Fitting the Duty to Accommodate into the Non-Discrimination Framework 6.6. The relationship of the Accommodation Requirement to Positive Action in the Area of Employment 6.7. Comparative analysis Chapter 7. Positive Action 7.1. Introduction 7.2. The definition of positive action 7.3. A typology of positive action and other measures including examples 7.4. Positive action under international law 7.5. Positive action under European Union Law 7.6. Positive action before the national courts 7.7. Positive action policies and the protection of private life in the processing of personal data 7.8. Comparative analysis Chapter 8. Enforcement bodies 8.1. Introduction 8.2. Single or multiple equality bodies? 8.3. Overview of Models for Intervention 8.4 .Legal Norms for enforcement bodies 8.5. Functions 8.6. Protection of Independence 8.7. Comparative Analysis