Abstract
A carotid-cavernous stula (CCF) is the result of an abnormal vascular connection between the carotid system (ICA/ECA) and the venous channels of the cavernous sinus. CCFs are classied based on the arterial system involved, hemodynamics, and etiology. The presentation can be varied and nonspecic; commonly presents with ophthalmic manifestations due to impairment of venous drainage of the orbit from the cavernous sinus. Early diagnosis and appropriate management is essential to avoid vision and life-threatening complications. Patients with CCF may initially present to an ophthalmologist with decreased vision, conjunctival chemosis, external ophthalmoplegia and proptosis. Ophthalmologist may be the rst physician to encounter a patient with clinical manifestations of CCF, and this review article should help in understanding the clinical features of CCF, current diagnostic approach, usefulness of the available imaging modalities, possible modes of treatment and expected outcome.
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