Abstract
The risk of chronic diseases has been shown to be inversely related to tomato intake and the lycopene levels in serum and tissue. Cis-isomers represent approximately 50%–80% of serum lycopene, while dietary lycopene maintains the isomeric ratio present in the plant sources with about 95% of all-trans-lycopene. Supercritical CO2 extraction (S-CO2) has been extensively developed to extract lycopene from tomato and tomato processing wastes, for food or pharmaceutical industries, also by using additional plant sources as co-matrices. We compared two S-CO2-extracted oleoresins (from tomato and tomato/hazelnut matrices), which showed an oil-solid bi-phasic appearance, a higher cis-lycopene content, and enhanced antioxidant ability compared with the traditional solvent extracts. Heat-treating, in the range of 60–100 °C, led to changes in the lycopene isomeric composition and to enhanced antioxidant activity in both types of oleoresins. The greater stability has been related to peculiar lycopene isomer composition and to the lipid environment. The results indicate these oleoresins are a good source of potentially healthful lycopene.
Highlights
Lycopene is the most represented carotenoid in tomato, accounting for above 90% of the total carotenoids and it is one of the major carotenoids in the Western diet
The oleoresins obtained from the two plant matrices were compared for their quali-quantitative composition in carotenoids and other lipids, and for their heat stability and antioxidant activity
This study presents data on thermal stability and antioxidant activity of oleoresins extracted by
Summary
Lycopene is the most represented carotenoid in tomato, accounting for above 90% of the total carotenoids and it is one of the major carotenoids in the Western diet. An acyclic isomer of β-carotene, without provitamin-A activity, is a natural red pigment synthesized by plants and microorganisms but not by animals. It is a highly unsaturated, straight chain hydrocarbon containing. Cis-isomers of lycopene represent approximately 50% of total lycopene in blood and up to 80% in prostate tissues [10]. This suggested that cis-isomers are more bioavailable than all-trans-lycopene, most likely because of the greater solubility of cis-isomers in the bile acid micelles, a shorter chain length to fit into micelles, and the lower tendency to aggregate [11,12]. With long heating times or temperatures above 50 °C, degradation proceeds faster than isomerization, the stability of lycopene isomers decreases in the order: 5-cis > all-trans > 9-cis > 13-cis > 15-cis > 7-cis > 11-cis
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