Career Choices: Navy Psychiatry

Historically, career was understood to be a static, linear concept concerned primarily with paid employment. More recently, broader conceptualisations of career have extended its meaning to incorporate all aspects and roles of an individual’s life and to acknowledge its inherently complex, individual, dynamic and contextual nature. Change, now recognised as a key characteristic of career, underpins choice-making processes, which are influenced by a range of factors, including broad contextual issues like labour market trends, in addition to more personal concerns such as family circumstances. This thesis explored the career trajectories of early career professionals (ECPs) employed in the Health Care and Social Assistance (HCSA) industry. Specifically, the aims of the study were to investigate how ECPs describe their career trajectories and account for their career-related choices, to identify important attractors and deterrents in relation to career-related choices, and to explore the relevance and usefulness of chaos theory to this topic. In particular, the author sought to understand how the career trajectories of ECPs develop in the context of complex systems including the family, organisations and the broader society. The conceptual approach chosen for its potential to capture this complexity was chaos theory. Three principles of chaos theory were explored. First, chaotic systems change with time and are characterised by randomness and variation. Second, they are sensitive to initial conditions. Finally, their functioning and level of change is affected by several types of attractors. The context of this study was Queensland’s non-government mental health sector (NGMHS). Challenges currently facing the broader mental health sector include inadequate responses to consumer needs, difficulties in recruiting and retaining skilled mental health professionals, an ageing workforce, and increasing reliance on non-government organisations (NGOs). Early career professionals employed within Queensland’s NGMHS were chosen as the subjects of this study for their documented characteristics, which include high career mobility, variable work readiness, over- and under-qualifications, and disparities between their expectations and the realities of employment. Their potential to both exacerbate and to counter challenges faced by Queensland’s NGMHS made focusing on these ECPs compelling. Recent calls for Australia to enhance its long-term economic sustainability in the global context by concentrating more on developing the service economy, rather than the commodities sector, provided added impetus for this study. A qualitative, exploratory methodology was adopted. The research design involved a two-phase study consisting of concept maps and individual autobiographical interviews. Participants comprised 25 ECPs who had completed university studies in the five years prior to 2012 and who were employed in Queensland’s NGMHS. Data were analysed thematically, using both inductive and deductive approaches. Early career practitioners’ career choices were influenced by intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Intrinsic influences related primarily to personal, social and financial issues, while extrinsic factors were associated with education, organisational, political and economic concerns. Intrinsic factors, mentioned more frequently by participants, were particularly influential regarding career choices relating to attraction. Conversely, extrinsic considerations were more influential when ECPs were contemplating whether to continue their employment or resign. Examination of participants’ definitions of career revealed three broad themes: the linear job-career continuum, career as a functional necessity, and career as an indistinguishable part of whole of life experiences. The latter, all-inclusive, conceptualisation is closest to the most recent definitions of career, yet was referred to the least by participants in this study. Three career trajectory types, labelled for comparative purposes, were also identified through data analysis. Retention was the key theme for the Stayers, who had been employed in the broader HCSA industry for most of their careers and had demonstrated an interest in working in the sector early in their lives. In comparison with the Stayers, the Late Starters’ career trajectories were characterised by multiple attraction experiences, with large portions of their careers being devoted to industries entirely unrelated to the HCSA industry. The third trajectory type, the False Starters, was characterised by early career indecisiveness, prior to development of a clear focus on mental health. This thesis, part of an Australian Research Council (ARC) project regarding newly qualified community service workers, contributes to knowledge of ECPs’ career trajectories and choices through its retrospective, in-depth examination. The use of concept mapping proved a productive methodological approach that enabled the researcher to develop individualized interview plans and positively affected the power differentials between participant and interviewer/researcher. The application of chaos theory revealed the complex and distinctly individual nature of careers, and the extent to which intrinsic and extrinsic factors influence career choices. A number of policy and practice recommendations arise from this study. For both individuals and employers, awareness and understanding of the complex nature of career is vital. For employers, creating chance encounters with ECPs may enhance recruitment rates, and focusing more on retention will capitalise on the greater influence of extrinsic, as opposed to intrinsic, factors on career choice-making.

BackgroundCommunity-based primary mental health care is recommended in low and middle-income countries. The Brazilian Health System has been restructuring primary care by expanding its Family Health Strategy. Due to mental health problems, psychosocial vulnerability and accessibility, Matrix Support teams are being set up to broaden the professional scope of primary care. This paper aims to analyse the perceptions of health professionals and managers about the integration of primary care and mental health.MethodIn this mixed-method study 18 health managers and 24 professionals were interviewed from different primary and mental health care services in Rio de Janeiro. A semi-structured survey was conducted with 185 closed questions ranging from 1 to 5 and one open-ended question, to evaluate: access, gateway, trust, family focus, primary mental health interventions, mental health records, mental health problems, team collaboration, integration with community resources and primary mental health education. Two comparisons were made: health managers and professionals’ (Mann-Whitney non-parametric test) and health managers’ perceptions (Kruskall-Wallis non parametric-test) in 4 service designs (General Traditional Outpatients, Mental Health Specialised Outpatients, Psychosocial Community Centre and Family Health Strategy)(SPSS version 17.0). Qualitative data were subjected to Framework Analysis.ResultsFirstly, health managers and professionals’ perceptions converged in all components, except the health record system. Secondly, managers’ perceptions in traditional services contrasted with managers’ perceptions in community-based services in components such as mental health interventions and team collaboration, and converged in gateway, trust, record system and primary mental health education. Qualitative data revealed an acceptance of mental health and primary care integration, but a lack of communication between institutions. The Mixed Method demonstrated that interviewees consider mental health and primary care integration as a requirement of the system, while their perceptions and the model of work produced by the institutional culture are inextricably linked.ConclusionThere is a gap between health managers’ and professionals’ understanding of community-based primary mental health care. The integration of different processes of work entails both rethinking workforce actions and institutional support to help make changes.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12913-016-1740-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Along with other skills, an adolescent need to develop adequate decision-making skills as several important decisions that will have an impact on their future will be taken during this period. One such important decision that needs to be taken is regarding academic and career choices. Most of these choices are influenced by cognitive factors or emotional factors. Keeping in view the prior research gaps, the aim of this paper is to explore the shared cognitive and emotional factors influencing adolescents career choices living in small city. In depth interviews were taken from ten higher secondary school students studying at different colleges in Multan through a convenient sampling technique. Data were analyzed with the help of thematic analysis. Semantic and inductive approach was used to generate themes. Results of the study revealed the autonomy in career choice, stigmas attached with the career choice, individual factors in career choice, and impact of the program on mental and emotional health. It was observed that male students were given a choice in terms of their career as compared to females. Also, male students were more confident and stress-lived as they opted for their desired careers. On the contrary female students feel depressed, helpless and reported emotional and mental health issues due to the unavailability of career choices and forced career on them. The study helped in understanding the impact of program of the study on students cognitive and emotional health. It can be implied from the present study that gender differences still prevail in our education system. Due to scarcity of career options available and the pressure to get admission from the parents in prestigious institutes are making adolescents compromise on their mental and emotional health. Therefore, a career guidance plan should be introduced in education policy for adolescents' mental health. Also, it was also the first study which supported the concept of shared cognitive and emotional experiences.

In recent years, the management of College Students’ mental health has gradually attracted the attention of education authorities. Most colleges and universities have set up a psychological counseling center, using the psychological management system to measure, statistics and file the students’ psychology. Although these traditional methods have achieved certain results, they cannot objectively and comprehensively reflect the mental health status of students and realize the early warning function of prevention. Therefore, in order to overcome the monotony and subjectivity of traditional methods, such as traditional psychological measurement and manual census, this paper uses clustering analysis algorithm to analyze students’ archives. Based on the theory of data mining, this paper uses clustering analysis algorithm to analyze the mental health of college students, and provides effective management means for college students’ mental health education and management. The experimental results show that the method has good stability and the accuracy is as high as 85.7%. In addition, the method can find different groups of students and their own characteristics, and carry out targeted mental health education for colleges and universities, improve the level of mental health of college students, which has theoretical and practical reference value.

Background: Health professionals including nurses have experienced heavy workload and great physical and mental health challenges during the coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic, which may affect nursing students' career choices. This study examined the changes in nursing students' career choices after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in China.Methods: This study was conducted in five University nursing schools in China between September 14, 2020 and October 7, 2020. Career choices before and after the COVID-19 pandemic were collected and analyzed.Results: In total, 1,070 nursing students participated in the study. The reported choice of nursing as future career increased from 50.9% [95% confidence interval (CI): 47.9–53.9%] before the COVID-19 pandemic to 62.7% (95%CI: 59.8–65.6%) after the onset of COVID-19 pandemic. Students who chose nursing as their future career following the COVID-19 outbreak had less severe depression and anxiety compared to those who did not choose nursing, but the associations of depression and anxiety with career choice disappeared in multivariable analyses. Binary logistic regression analysis revealed that male gender [odds ratio (OR) = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.50–0.91], rural residence (OR = 1.53, 95%CI: 1.17–2.00), fourth year students (OR = 0.50, 95%CI: 0.35–0.72), negative experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic (OR = 0.66, 95%CI: 0.47–0.92), and good health (OR = 4.6, 95%CI: 1.78–11.87) were significantly associated with the choice of nursing as future career after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic.Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic appeared to have a positive influence on the career choice of nursing among Chinese nursing students.

This study examined the efforts of states' mental health authorities to promote the use of evidence-based practices through policy. Data were drawn from three components of a national study, including a survey of state children's mental health directors (N=53), which was developed using a three-step process that involved stakeholders. Data from the directors' survey revealed that over 90% of states are implementing strategies to support the use of evidence-based practices. The scope of these efforts varies, with 36% reporting statewide reach. Further, states' strategies for implementing evidence-based practices are often not accompanied by comparable efforts to enhance information systems, even though enhancing such systems can bolster opportunities for successful implementation. Variability in the adoption of evidence-based practices, poor attention to information systems, and inconsistent fiscal policies threaten states' efforts to improve the quality of children's mental health services.

Background Previous researches demonstrated that workplace safety and health (WSH) management plays a major role in promoting worker’s health and well-being. However, organizational factors hinder promoting WSH management program. The main aim of this study is to explore the probable existence of barrier from WSH supervisor’s perspective. Methods This study employed a qualitative design to gain an in-depth and holistic understanding of WSH from the supervisor’s perspective. Eight focus groups were conducted in Taiwan. A total of 81 supervisors (employer, human resource section, environmental safety section) from the manufacturing industry, construction industry, and service industry participated in this study. All interview contents were transcribed and coded. Matrices were constructed to identify themes and evolving concepts. Results Three main barriers were identified1. Lacking of top management commitment and support (e.g., top management focused more on employees’ work performance than their safety and health, top management commitment was just a declaration but with no action, and top management only conducted the traditional occupational hazards control to fit the minimum standards of national policy, and ignored employees’ mental health and well-being); 2.Lacking of employee’s safety awareness (e.g., employee lacked the motivation to attend training program; 3.Organizational resources were not enough to implement occupational safety and health management (e.g., the supervisor lacked professional skills in promoting WSH program). Conclusions The study findings provide an integrated basis for practical application and further research. The workplace supervisor should be trained the professional skills in workplace safety and health management. Then, the workplace psychosocial safety climate can be built while top management and employee have higher workplace safety and health awareness. Key messages This study contributes to occupational health research from the supervisor’s perspective. This study also hints at the potential role of top management promoting employee’s health and well-being.

Digital health solutions have the potential to improve maternal mental health care. The objective of this study is to determine if utilization of a digital health platform, Maven, is associated with improved management of mental health among peripartum people with a history of mental health disorders and determine which components of utilization associate with maternal mental health outcomes. Participants in this retrospective cohort analysis (n=1561) accessed Maven as an employer-sponsored health benefit and enrolled during their pregnancy and delivered from January 2020 through September 2022. Participants completed health surveys at enrollment, including history of a mood disorder, and post-delivery. Maven includes online articles, asynchronous and synchronous virtual classes, app-based mental health screenings, access to allied health professional and maternity care providers via messaging and telehealth appointments. Quantile g-computation was used to estimate the effects of multi-utilization exposures on reports of postpartum depression (PPD) and management of mental health. Multi-utilization exposure mixture models demonstrated that increasing use of digital resources by one quartile is associated with an increased odds of reporting that Maven helped users manage their mental health (aOR: 12.58 [95% CI: 6.74, 23.48]) and was not associated with self-reported incidence of PPD (aOR: 1.30 [95% CI: 0.52, 3.27]). Care advocate appointments, provider messages, and article reads were positively associated with improved mental health management. Digital health platforms, such as Maven, may play an important role in managing maternal mental health conditions among pregnant and postpartum people at high risk for PPD.

Introduction: Health Information Management (HIM) in mental health has gained growing scholarly attention, particularly with the rise of digital health technologies. Objective: This study presents a bibliometric analysis of research on HIM in the context of mental health, covering the period from 1970 to July 2025. Methods: A total of 458 documents from 313 sources were analyzed using Biblioshiny, VOSviewer, and CiteSpace to examine publication patterns, authorship, citation networks, and thematic evolution. Results: The analysis revealed an annual growth rate of 7.12 percent, reflecting a steady increase in research output. Findings highlight an expanding body of literature emphasizing digital health, telemedicine, electronic health records, and data-driven interventions in mental health services. Co-authorship and collaboration networks underscore the multidisciplinary and global nature of this field, with contributions from leading researchers and institutions across diverse countries. The most influential sources are journals in public health, digital health, psychiatry, and health informatics. Highly cited works address mental health literacy, global disparities, and digital mental health innovations. Emerging topics such as COVID-19, telehealth, social media, and self-management reflect the impact of recent technological and societal shifts. Despite this progress, gaps remain in standardized practices, data privacy, and implementation in low- and middle-income countries. Conclusions: Overall, the study provides evidence-based insights into the intellectual structure, research frontiers, and future directions for advancing HIM in mental health care.

ObjectiveTo investigate the shaping of college students’ mental health on their career choices, considering the influences of gender, year of enrollment, mental health determinants and their interaction on these choices.MethodsMultinomial logistic regression was used to analyze the mental health and employment data of students at L University in Fujian Province, China. Three models were developed with career choice as the dependent variable. Model 1 comprises solely gender and enrollment year. Model 2 incorporates mental health variables, while Model 3 includes the interaction terms of mental health factors with gender and enrollment year.ResultsModel 1 suggests that men are less inclined to choose female-dominated sectors—such as finance and public services, service industry—and are more likely to pursue self-employment. Students who enrolled in 2018 and graduated during economic recovery had broader employment opportunities than those who enrolled in 2019 and graduated during economic downturn. Model 2 reflects that external stress might compel vocational students to explore alternative career paths. Conversely, severe psychopathology diminishes confidence and restricts opportunities in organized domains such as finance and public services. Social difficulties and romantic distress exemplify occupation-specific inclinations related to interpersonal dynamics. Model 3 shows that gender and enrollment year moderate these effects. For instance, men would address emotional and stress-related challenges through proactive strategies, but the 2019 cohort exhibited heightened sensitivity to social difficulties and external stress due to adverse macroeconomic situations.ConclusionMental health significantly influences college students’ job decisions, with variations noted by gender and enrollment year. External stress and severe psychopathology are crucial factors that either facilitate adaptive coping or impede self-efficacy in the setting of economic adversity. The impacts are most evident in vocational universities, where students’ employment preparation and employment expectations amplify psychological consequences. University administrators should implement mental health interventions and career counseling workshops customized for each gender and enrollment cohort, in order to improve students’ self-efficacy, emotional resilience, and adaptability to fluctuations in the employment market.

BackgroundGlobally, there is increasingly high prevalence of mental disorders across all age groups and social classes with more being projected by 2030, but without commensurate resources for mental health care delivery especially in developing countries.PurposeThis study examined the impacts of clinical psychiatric posting on career choice in psychiatry among nursing students in Ebonyi state, Nigeria.MethodsA prospective cohort research design was used and data were collected using attitude towards psychiatry (ATP), mental illness clinician attitude scale (MICA-4) and researcher developed questionnaires on career choice in pre and post clinical posting approach. This study was conducted between November, 2023 to May 2024. A sample size of 400 students (with data collected before posting and after posting) were involved in the study. Data were coded, cleaned and analyzed using SPSS version 26. McNemar Test was used to determine effects of clinical posting on career choices in psychiatry. Simple and multiple logistic regressions were used to analyze data on determinants of career choices in psychiatry. The hypotheses (Null and alternative hypotheses) were tested at p-value < 0.05.ResultsPsychiatric and mental health nursing was one of the least preferred specialty, 21(6%) respondents showed interest before clinical posting and 25(7.1%) after the posting. Commonly preferred specialty was pediatric nursing (20.5%), community health nursing (17.1%) and midwifery (17.7%). McNemer test showed no statistically significant differences in choice of psychiatry before and after clinical posting. Key determinants of career choices were interest in psychiatry (AOR = 16.06(95% CI = 1.10, 14.96) P = 0.009), interest in community services (AOR = 4.01(95% CI = 1.32, 12.20)P = 0.014), family influence(AOR = 13.76(95% CI = 1.74, 108.57)p = 0.013) and job satisfaction(AOR = 0.10(95% CI = 0.03, 0.26)P < 0.001).ConclusionThe researcher therefore concluded that clinical psychiatric posting has no significant impacts on career choices in psychiatry among nursing students in Nigeria. Interest of the students, family influence and job satisfaction were significantly associated with career choices among the respondents.

SUMMARY The contemporary work environment is marked by increasing challenges to Workers’ Mental Health, with a high prevalence of mental illnesses such as Burnout, anxiety, and depression, driven by exposure to Psychosocial Risks (harassment, overload, and lack of autonomy). Given this issue and the need for legal intervention, Regulatory Standard 1 (NR-1), which establishes the Management of Occupational Risks (GRO), has become a milestone by requiring the formal inclusion of psychosocial risks in the Risk Management Program (PGR). This study is justified by the social urgency of the topic and the gap in the literature that analyzes the real effectiveness of this legal requirement in practice. The main objective of this article is to understand and analyze the potential positive impact of NR-1 on the promotion and management of mental health in the workplace. Through this article, it seeks to address the central question: ‘To what extent does the implementation of Regulatory Standard 1 (NR-1) have the Potential to generate a positive and effective impact on the management and promotion of mental health in the Brazilian workplace? For this purpose, a qualitative and exploratory research will be conducted, based on a robust Bibliographical and Documentary Research in which primary documents will be analyzed, such as the updated text of NR-1 and the Official MTE Guide on Psychosocial Risk Factors. The theoretical framework will consist of scientific articles and recent theses (2020-2025) that discuss the concepts of psychosocial risks and the effectiveness of occupational health and safety legislation. The data will be analyzed through Content Analysis, aiming to cross-reference the legal requirements with the practical challenges of their implementation. Keywords: Mental Health. NR-1. Psychosocial Risks. Occupational Risk Management. Work Environment.

IntroductionIn 2012 all District Health Boards (DHBs) in New Zealand participated in a national pilot of the online Advanced Choice of Employment (ACE) system to recruit graduating and newly graduated registered nurses. These nurses enter one of two supported first year of practice programmes: the 'Nurse Entry to Practice' (NETP) programme or the 'Nurse Entry to Specialist Practice (mental health)' (NESP) programme offered in DHBs and by some private providers. The online ACE system requires the graduating or newly graduated nurse to choose in order of preference up to four DHBs and three clinical areas where they would like to work. Nurse Entry to Practice Programmes were first established in 2005 when the then Minister of Health announced new funding to ensure DHBs provided a supported first year of practice for newly registered nurses (Nursing Council of New Zealand, n.d.). In 2007 this scheme was extended from acute areas to cover newly registered nurses in agerelated residential care and primary health care. Many of the DHBs offering NETP programmes also require the nurses to complete a postgraduate paper offered by a Nursing Council approved tertiary education provider. The NESP programme is specifically for those newly registered nurses working in mental health and addiction services. The NESP varies slightly from NETP in that NESP requires the nurses to complete a postgraduate certificate as part of their supported programme (Te Pou, 2015).BackgroundThe research literature is replete with surveys of final year student nurses who have been asked to rank their preference to work in a range of clinical practice areas as registered nurses (Birks, Al-Motlaq, & Mills, 2010; Ganz & Kahana, 2006; Halcomb, Salamonson, Raymond, & Knox, 2012; Koskinen, Hupli, Katajisto, & Salminen, 2012; Larsen, Reif, & Frauendienst, 2012; McCann, Clark, & Lu, 2010; Shen & Xiao, 2012; Stevens, 2011; Stevens & Crouch, 1998). The relative popularity of some clinical practice areas over others is therefore well known. The most common methods of data collection are by survey using forced choice and free-text responses, and interviews or focus groups. Invariably the findings are that the desirability of cardiac care, intensive care, emergency department, and acute medical/surgical settings is high. These clinical practice areas are viewed as 'high-tech', dynamic and life-saving. Conversely, aged care and mental health settings are viewed as 'low-tech' areas, are considered boring and unfulfilling, and are consistently the least desirable areas to work as a newly registered nurse. Community health (the term used in the literature to describe all nurses who work outside of hospitals or long-term care) features less often, but where it is included, it ranks with the other low-tech less 'dynamic' areas (Leh, 2011). These preferences have changed very little over the last 20 years at least (see Happell, 1999; Stevens & Dulhunty, 1997). Nonetheless, workforce shortages in three government priority areas (mental health [MH], age related residential care [ARRC] and primary health care [PHC]) suggests there is need to better understand the factors that influence graduating nurses' choice of clinical practice setting in New Zealand (Ministry of Health, 2015). This paper reports on a national survey of recently graduated registered nurses and explored the factors that influenced their preference for employment with particular reference to the three government priority specialty areas.Review of the LiteratureStudies were identified for this review through searching PubMed and the EBSCO platform databases, which included Medline, CINAHL Plus, Academic search premier and Health source (Nursing/Academic edition, Education source and PsychINFO). The key words and MeSH terms used in the search were 'students, nursing', 'specialties, nursing', 'choice', 'career choice', 'education, nursing', 'baccalaureate' and 'new graduate nurse'. …

PART I. CAREER COUNSELING PERSPECTIVES 1. Introduction Some Perspectives of Personal and Career Development Counseling Multidimensional Influences Shape Behavior Focusing on Multiple Life Roles The Pervasive Nature of Psychological Disorders The Pervasive Nature of Work Stress The Case for Each Client's Cognitive Schemas Recognizing and Uncovering Constraints of Career Choice Cultural diversity and Acculturation Summary Supplementary Learning Exercises 2. Career Development theories - An Overview Career Development Theories Trait Oriented Theories Trait Oriented Theories in Perspective Social Learning and Cognitive Theories Social Learning and cognitive Theories in Perspectives Developmental Theories of Career Choice Developmental Theories of Career Choice in Perspective Person-in-Environment Perspective Summary of Career Development Theory Perspectives Summary Supplementary Learning Exercises 3. Career Counseling Practices A Learning Theory of Career Counseling Intake Interview Using Assessment Results for Career Counseling Interventions Whole Person Approach to Career and Personal Concerns Summary Supplementary Learning Exercises 4. Constraints Effecting Career Choice and Development Model of American Class Structure Socioeconomic Status (SES) Social Class and Socialization Potential Career Choice Constraints Self-Efficacy for Effective Behavior Summary Supplementary Learning Exercises 5. Career Choice and Development and the Changing Nature of Work Initial Career Choice-The Shaping Process Career Choice Perspectives From Career Development Theories Career Choice-Central Component of a Person's Identity Economic Restructuring A Prevalent Career Model-Boundaryless Careers Contract Breach Some Career Barriers Summary Supplementary Learning Exercises PART II: MENTAL HEALTH ISSUES AND SOLUTIONS 6. Depression and its Impact on Career Development Biopsychosocial Model Development of Mood Disorder-Depression Biological Dimensions Psychological Dimensions Learned Helplessness and Depression Social and Cultural Dimensions The Career Counseling Connection Summary Supplementary Learning Exercises 7. Other Mental Health and Career Concerns Concerns Associated with Apprehension and Fear Some Causes of Anxiety Disorders Intervention Strategies Concerns Associated with Fear of Social Situations and Being Around Others Influences That Can Lead to Social Phobic Behavior Effective Interventions Fear of Health Problems That are Non-Existent Effective Interventions Substance-Related Disorders Some Causes of Substance Abuse Effective Interventions Biological Interventions Psychological Interventions Social Interventions The Career Work Connection Schizophrenia Some Causes of Schizophrenia Interventions Summary Supplementary Learning Exercises 8. Cultural Diversity Dimensions Some Perspectives on Culture Culturally Developed Cognitive Schemas The Cultural Self and its Career Development Implications Focus on Some Different Worldviews in the Helping Process Family Views Competition versus Cooperation Communication Styles Locus of Control Some Mental Issues of Cultural Groups Abnormality: Universal and Culture Specific Factors Anxiety Disorders Mood Disorder-Depression Personality Disorders Schizophrenia Somatoform Disorders Summary Supplementary Learning Exercises 9. Personality Development, Disorders and its Impact on Career Some Personality Factors in Perspective Secure Relationships Personal Goals Gender and Cultural Diversity Issues Personality Disorders Class A Personality Disorders Class A Personality Disorders in Perspective Class B Personality Disorders Class B Personality Disorders in Perspective Class C Personality Disorders Class C Personality Disorders in Perspective An Overview of Personality Disorders Summary Supplementary Learning Exercises 10. Assessing Personality Development Through Personality Inventories Personality Factors From the 16 PF Questionnaire Global or Second-Order Factors An Integrative Perspective The NEO-Personality Inventory-Revised Some Big Factor Research Results Implications for Interventions From the Neo-PI-R Profile Personality-Outcome Relationships Summary Supplementary Learning Exercises 11. Work Stress Stress Process From an Interactionist Viewpoint Type A Behavior Job Stressors Work Overload Technostress Under and Over Promotion Spillover Electronic Performance Monitoring Work Stressors in Specific Occupations Dimensions of Psychological Well Being and Good Mental Health Work/Family Stress Coping Strategies to Reduce Effects of Stress Self-Efficacy Self-Esteem Social Support Cultural Diversity Issues Summary Supplementary Learning Exercises 12. Interventions and Case Studies Cognitive-Behavioral Techniques Problem Solving Assertiveness Training and Behavioral Rehearsal Systematic Desensitization Cognitive-Restructuring Cognitive Schemas Ellis's A-B-C Theory of Personality Self-Enhancing Thoughts Homework Assignments Behavior Changes by Meichenbaum Stress Inoculation Training The Case of John, A Very Anxious Person The Case of Corrina, A Hypochondriac The Case of Yolanda With Symptoms of a Borderline Personality Disorder Summary Supplementary Learning Exercises Appendix A: Acculturation Scales Appendix B: The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV-TR) Classification System (APA, 2000) References Name Index Subject Index About the Author

Foreword, Walter W. Menninger, M.D. Mental Health Management Principles. Introduction, Bruce Lebotsky Levin. Critical Issues in Mental Health Administration and Leadership, Ardis Hanson, Bruce Lebotsky Levin. Leadership and Training in Mental Health, Bruce Lebotsky Levin, Ardis Hanson, Sara A. Kuppin. Mental Health Services Delivery, Bruce Lebotsky Levin, Ardis Hanson. Administrative Theory, L. Mark Russakoff. The Dynamics of Organizational Change in Mental Health Administration, Sharon Topping. Mental Health Care Management. Introduction, Philip E. Veenhui. Essential Management Functions, Philip E. Veenhuis. Mental Health Management Environments: General Hospital Psychiatric Units, L. Mark Russakoff. Management and Leadership in the State Hospital, Harold Carmel. The Community Mental Health Center Medical Director, Jon E. Gudeman. Children's Mental Health Services: The Challenge of Changing Policy and Practice, Lenore B. Behar. Managed Mental Health Care: From Cottage Industry to System of Care, Peter B. Rosenquist. Disciplinary Foundations. Psychiatry, Philip E. Veenhuis. Organization and Administration of Psychology, James Picano, Matthew Blusewicz. Psychiatric Nursing Administration, Patricia Christian. Social Workers in Mental Health Administration, Mary Fraser. Activities Therapy, Anne B. Fleischer. Extraorganization Relationships, Thomas Hester. Ethical Issues in Mental Health System Leadership, John F. Baggett. Business, Finance, and the Funding of Care. Introduction, Stuart B. Silver. The Modeling of a Business, Stuart B. Silver. The Business Plan, Stuart B. Silver. Budget, Stuart B. Silver. Financial Analysis and Management, Stuart B. Silver. Finance, Stuart B. Silver. Payers and Players, Stuart B. Silver. Values Issues in Fiscal Management, Stuart B. Silver. Information and Information Technology. Introduction, Chris E. Stout. Informatics, Technology, and the Clinical Leader, Chris E. Stout. Emerging Health Information Technology, Anne M. Mahalik. Information Trends for the Clinical Leader, Leigh W. Jerome. Using Technology to Defragment a Mental Health System, Thomas A. Simpatico, Carroll A. Cradock, Michael McGuire, Daria Zvetina. Videoconferencing in Mental Health Care: Barriers, Opportunities and Principles for Program Development, Carroll A. Cradock, Thomas A. Simpatico. Using Information to Manage Cultural Change: Establishing the Medical Model for Inpatient Care, Stephen H. Dinwiddie, Nancy Staples, Diana Meyers. Technology, Practice, and Ethics, Peter W. Demuth. Human Resources. Introduction, Ted W. Hirsh. Principles of Human Resources Management, Ted W. Hirsch, William H. Reid. Principles of Physician Recruiting, Richard C.W. Hall, Ryan C.W. Hall. Legal Issues, John Petrila. Introduction, Stuart B. Silver. The Evolution of Mental Health Law, John Petrila. Working With an Attorney, John Petrila. Confidentiality and Privilege, John Petrila. Malpractice and Other Negligence, John Petrila. Living Under Class Action Lawsuits: Their Effect on Mental Health Agency Staff and Patients, Gary E. Miller. A Primer for New Clinician-Managers. Introduction, William H. Reid. Management and the Management Environment, William H. Reid, Daniel J. Reid. Leadership, William H. Reid, Daniel J. Reid. Negotiation, Daniel J. Reid, William H. Reid. Appendix: Medical of Information Technology Glossary, Anne M. Mahalik, Chris E. Stout, William H. Reid