Care Under Empire: Catholic Orphanages and Colonial Welfare in Korea, 1888–1945

The beginning of social work and its formation differ in each society due to its unique historical and social background inherent to a society, so the beginning of social work in Korea is also categorically influenced by historical events. How social work in Korea began and why the expression 'social work' is no longer used and has been replaced by 'social welfare' can be understood in the context of the social work development process in Korea, as the change of word usage can be viewed as a product of history that reflects its epoch and society. Up until around 1980, all the work in this field had been called 'social work', thereafter the terminology 'social welfare' was used, but there is no longer any differentiation between these two terms as the microscopic approach of social work on personal services and the macroscopic approach of social policy are jointly called 'social welfare'. This research is to consolidate the details and characteristics of social work and social welfare development in Korea. Consequently, this paper focused how social work in Korea started, what are the patterns of social welfare development, and what are the prospects and problems of social welfare in Korea. The task for Korean Social Welfare can be analyzed critically into five categories. Firstly, the nation's sympathy and approval must be sought for a particular welfare system. Secondly, it is necessary to increase the people's level of awareness of welfare issues. Thirdly, it is necessary for policy-makers to be aware of the problems in the Korean welfare system, and to have professional knowledge and accomplishments, and the power of decision-making on social welfare policy. Fourthly, an effort is needed to increase the level of expenditure on welfare. As welfare finance primarily derives from the nation's taxes, it is important to carry out taxation through a fair system as acknowledged by the people. Fifthly, it is necessary to develop a Korean social welfare model. Korean welfare model development needs to solve the problem of the right to survival of the socially deprived class and the socially weak, and social welfare policy and social services must be developed as a priority so as to guarantee their minimum livelihood expenditure to improve their quality of life. A welfare policy that includes the minority in social solidarity, and an intelligent, mature welfare policy which fosters integration, equality and unity, and allows for the continuous development of social welfare policy, must be the primary focus. In future, social welfare must be a pivotal policy of the government to enable it to recover its legitimacy and trust, and in implementing this there will be a greater sense of national unity and duty. Accordingly, I expect the Korean welfare model to be a driving force in the development of a multi-cultural society and in resolving the North-South division and confrontation and regional conflicts and divisions through regional solidarity.

The purpose of this thesis is to organize and analyze the records of Japanese tea plantation management in Korea during the Japanese colonial period, and to reveal the hidden goals of Japan and the Japanese Government-General of Korea. This study reveals the intention of the Japanese government and the Japanese government-general to manage tea and tea culture through the management of tea gardens by Japanese living in Korea during the Japanese colonial period. It was confirmed as follows that the intentions of the Japanese and the Japanese Government-General of Korea had an impact on the Japanese tea plantation management. We collected data on Ogawa tea fields in Jeongeup and Ozaki tea fields in Gwangju to review tea field operations and compare the two tea fields. The tea fields in Ogawa are tea fields grown from Japanese tea seeds, and the tea fields in Ozaki are wild tea fields native to Korea. This was revealed in the newspapers promoting the Ogawa tea plantations in Jeongeup and the Ozaki tea plantations receiving warnings not to interfere with the tea business in mainland Japan. Japan and the Japanese Government-General of Korea revealed that there was an intention and purpose to manage Korean tea culture by spreading the lie that Japan started tea culture and tea industry in Korea during the Japanese colonial period.

This study analyzes the inequality of service distribution of Korea's local welfare services including basic living security, childcare, and senior care services in terms of territorial justice. Using Korea's welfare finance database, the units and resources of local governments, annual tendencies and factors of inequality are investigated by employing the welfare expenditure per service consumer as a measurement index. The results show that inequality is high in the expenditures of Si (city), Gun (county), and Gu (district) governments per service consumer, with grants from upper governments excluded. It is lessened when the budget includes the aid of the central government, which implies that the assistance of the central government plays a role in resolving the unequal expenditure distribution per service consumer. High inequality in the self-funded expenditure of Si, Gun, and Gu governments hints to wide regional gaps caused by differences in financial independence of local governments which will affect social welfare services provided by local governments. Therefore, welfare programs need to be fully financed by the central government in light of territorial justice.

This chapter introduces the demographic changes, the development of social security measures and policy trends related to the digital transformation in the field of social welfare in Korea resulting from the introduction of information and communication technology (ICT). It describes the latest developments in ICT-based models of social welfare practice. It will also point to future challenges in designing more inclusive alternatives responding to the needs and rights of service users in a digital environment.

This study is a critical study of political neutralism with a focus on social welfare in Korea. Korean social welfare, like civil servants and teachers, takes a political neutralist stance. Political neutralism actually means uncritical acceptance of the regime's position and has a tendency to depoliticize it. In this context, Korean social welfare follows the position of residualism, and social welfare is practiced by providing services based on sympathy and charity.
 The purpose of this paper is to criticize Korea's social welfare from a political neutralist standpoint and seek alternatives to overcome it. To this end, this paper focuses on Freire's theory and seeks to develop discussions based on it. Freire criticized political neutralism as the logic of the oppressor, perpetuating an unjust order of inequality and class conflict, and subjecting citizens to a culture of silence and horizontal violence. In particular, social welfare was seen as a fictional tolerance and a strategy of the oppressor.
 This paper analyzed Freire's criticism by applying it to Korea's social welfare stance, that is, political neutralism and residualism. This paper proposed transforming social welfare into class politics toward institutionalism based on social rights and presented the content and direction of civic education.

The Child Welfare Act aims to ensure the welfare of children so that they can be born healthy and grow up happily and safely. Japan's right to social security has been developed through the reorganization of various social security law-related systems, and the Child Welfare Act has also been institutionalized through various efforts to actively respond to society's demand for child welfare. Therefore, in this study, we would like to examine the Child Welfare Act among Japan's social security rights and find its implications for Korea.
 In accordance with the Child Welfare Act, Japan operates premature birth facilities, nursing care children's facilities, disabled child detention facilities, and maternal and child support facilities for pregnant women, and also introduces a foster parent system. Public involvement in the operation of facilities is high, and the role and responsibility of the state, metropolitan local governments, and basic local governments are clarified for the installation or operation of facilities and the implementation of child protection policies. In addition, in order to efficiently and integrally promote child welfare-related policies, the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare established the Child and Family Office in April 2023 for child abuse and transferred it to the direct agency of the Prime Minister.
 Child welfare in Korea is similar to Japan, but there is no dedicated department that acts as a control tower to oversee child welfare because ministries are separated from child welfare targets such as the Ministry of Health and Welfare, the Ministry of Gender Equality and Family, and the Ministry of Education. Children's guardians should raise children healthy and safe at home according to the developmental stage, and the state and local governments should take necessary measures to prevent children from being discriminated against, such as religion, property, or disability of their parents. In order to realize such child welfare, it is urgent to establish an integrated dedicated department, expand child protection facilities, and overhaul a careful and balanced system to implement effective policies suitable for changes in social structure. In this respect, the establishment of the Child and Family Agency in Japan has great implications for Korea.

There is no doubt that the colonial period was a critical time for the establishment and expansion of modern Western medicine in Korea. However, did this act as a catalyst for the overall decline of traditional Korean medicine? While previous studies mainly focus on research based on the concept of Uisaeng (traditional Korean medicine doctor) and the medical policies implemented by the Japanese Government-General of Korea, this paper begins with the Korean herbal medicine industry, and comprehensively investigates the distribution and consumption of Korean herbal medicines during the colonial period from three perspectives: the policies for Korean medicine merchants implemented by the Japanese Government-General of Korea, changes in the Korean herbal medicine industry, and consumption of Korean herbal medicines in the Korean society. The colonial authorities' intention was to foster the advancement of Western medicine and phase out traditional Korean medicine. However, they merely imposed limitations on Uisaengs' operations-this policy loophole objectively left a window for Korean medicine merchants. Moreover, against the backdrop of the growing popularity of Western medicine and restrictions on the development of traditional Korean medicine by colonial authorities, the Korean herbal medicine industry, as one of the few "national industries" dominated by and serving Koreans, showed its tenacious vitality during that time. Korean medicine merchants responded to market changes with ease. They built different drugstores, such as traditional herbal stores mainly selling traditional Korean medicines, hybrid drugstores that simultaneously dealt with the manufacture and sale of patent medicines, and ginseng drugstores that specialized in the ginseng business. This classification promoted the commercialization of traditional Korean herbal medicine. Another crucial condition for the vitality of the Korean herbal medicine industry is Koreans' preference for traditional Korean medicine. It is an indisputable fact that Western medicine gradually became popular and was recognized by the common man during the colonial period; nonetheless, Eastern medicine and Western medicine were not playing a zero-sum game. Through comprehensive macro and micro analysis, this paper demonstrates that, during the colonial period, when old and new ideas interacted, most Koreans, including upper-class elites and intellectuals who were open-minded about emerging concepts and options and had ample opportunities to avail western medical treatment, preferred traditional Korean medicine. Using Korean herbal medicines for illnesses remained the primary choice, While Western medicine assumed the role of a supplement to traditional treatment. This paper argues that the first reason for this phenomenon is the inertia of tradition, and the second is that Western medicine was not necessarily more effective than Korean herbal medicine at that time. Specifically, it can be considered that, during the colonial period, the growing popularity of Western medicine failed to bring about a radical change in Koreans' regular medical interventions. Simultaneously, the Korean herbal medicine industry, one of the pillars offering medical support to the common man, adapted suitably while relying on the inertia of its own tradition. The industry's vitality and dynamism during the colonial period certainly underscore the need to amend the one-sided narrative of medical modernization vis-à-vis Western medicine.

This paper investigates the characteristics of preservation of Korean modern architecture through Western historic preservation theories and philosophies. This research focuses on the Japanese Government-General of Korea (1926-1995) which was built in 1926 and used as the chief administrative building in Seoul (Keijo in Japanese) during the Japanese colonial period (1910-1945). After Korea was liberated from Japanese rule in 1945, this building was used until 1995 for the South Korean National Assembly, the United States Army Military Government in Korea, and the National Museum of South Korea. Although it served a variety of roles, this building was the most controversial case of historic preservation in Korean modern architecture. To analyze the peculiarities and characteristics of Korean modern architecture and its preservation, this research applied Western historic preservation theories, not exclusively from classical historic preservation theories developed by Viollet-le-Duc and John Ruskin, but also from modern historic preservation theories by Theodore H. M. Prudon, Daniel Blunstone, and Frances A. Yates. This cross-cultural and comparative study of historic preservation helps identify Korean modern architecture's characteristics. It can also be a useful reference in finding the origins of Korean modern architectural identity.

Searching for Direction of Public Welfare Administration through an Analysis of the Changes in Welfare Administration Reforms and Environment around Social Welfare in Korea

The purpose of this research is to describe how Hansen's disease patients experienced the modern system of control of Hansen's disease introduced by Japan, and the inimical attitude of society against them in colonial Korea. The study also seeks to reveal the development of the system to eliminate Hansen's disease patients from their home and community to larger society and leprosarium in this era. Sorokdo Charity hospital (SCH), a hospital for Hansen's disease patients, was built in 1916, and vagrant Hansen's disease patients began to be isolated in this hospital beginning in 1917 by the Japanese Government-General of Korea (JGGK). Once the police detained and sent vagrant Hansen's disease patients to SCH, stigma and discrimination against them strengthened in Korean society. Because of strong stigma and discrimination in Korean society, Hansen's disease patients suffered from daily threats of death. First, their family members were not only afraid of the contagiousness of Hansen's disease but also the stigma and discrimination against themselves by community members. If a family had a Hansen's disease patient, the rest of community members would discriminate against the entire family. Furthermore, because Hansen's disease patients were excluded from any economic livelihood such as getting a job, the existence of the patients was a big burden for their families. Therefore, many patients left their homes and began their vagrancy. The patients who could not leave their homes committed suicide or were killed by their family members. The victims of such deaths were usually women, who were at the lower position in the family hierarchy. In the strong Confucian society in Korea, more female patients were killed by themselves than male patients. Moreover, all of patients victims in the murder were women. This shows that the stigma and discrimination against Hansen's disease patients within their families were stronger against women than men. Strong stigma and discrimination made the patients rely on superstition such as cannibalism. Patients believed that there were not any effective medicine. There were a few reports of patients who were cured, and many were treated with chaulmoogra oil in the modern Hansen's disease hospitals. Eating human flesh was known as a folk remedy for Hansen's disease. As such, patients began to kill healthy people, usually children, to eat their flesh. Increased stigma led to increased victims. Hansen's disease patients who left their homes faced many threats during their vagrancy. For survival, they established their own organizations in the late 1920's. The patients who were rejected to be hospitalized in the Western Hansen's disease hospital at Busan, Daegu, and Yeosu organized self-help organizations. The purpose of these organizations was first to secure the medicine supply of chaulmoogra oil. However, as stigma and discrimination strengthened, these organizations formed by Hansen's disease patients demanded the Japanese Government-General of Korea to send and segregate them on Sorok island. They did not know the situation of the inside of this island because news media described it as a haven for patients, and very few patients were discharged from this island to tell the truth. On this island, several hundreds of patients were killed by compulsory heavy labor, starvation, and violence. They were not treated as patients, but as something to be eliminated. Under strong suppression on this island, the patients resisted first by escaping this island. However, in 1937, some patients tried to kill a Korean staff but failed. Attempted murderers were all put in the jail, also located on this island. In 1941, a patient murdered another patient who had harassed other patients, and in 1942, Chunsang Lee, a patient, killed the director of Sorok island. These instances show that there was a system to eliminate Hansen's disease patients in colonial Korea.

본 연구는 사회복지학 분야에서 출간된 메타분석 연구논문의 연구방법론적 질을 평가함으로써 메타분석 논문의 방법론적 질을 향상하기 위한 방안을 논의하는데 그 목적이 있다. 이를 위하여 ‘메타분석’, ‘메타분석과 체계적리뷰’, ‘메타분석과 체계적 고찰’, ‘메타분석과 문헌고찰‘ 키워드로 국내 온라인 데이터베이스(RISS, KISS, DBpia)와 참고문헌을 활용하여 논문을 검색하였다. 그 결과 최종 126편을 선정하여 메타분석 연구의 평가도구 Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews(AMSTAR)에 맞추어 논문의 방법론적 질을 분석하였다. 주요 결과로 첫째, 메타분석 연구 질의 평균은 4.64로 중간 수준이었으며, 둘째, 취약한 항목은 중복 추출과 개별 연구의 질 평가 및 논의, 이해관계상충의 제시였다. 그리고 셋째, 2014년 이후 메타분석 연구의 방법론적 질은 2014년 전보다 향상된 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 사회복지학 분야에서 메타분석 논문의 질을 향상시킬 수 있는 방안을 제시하였다.This study is designed to assess the methodological quality of meta-analysis papers in social welfare in Korea and to discuss ways to improve their qualities. Meta-analysis studies were identified through searching three online databases(RISS, KISS, DBpia) using key words such as “meta-analysis” and “meta-analysis and systematic reviews.” A total of 126 studies, published from 1999 to 2019, were selected and assessed according to the Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR) checklist. The results were as follows: First, the mean score of the studies was 4.64 and it was considered as the moderate level of quality. Second, the lowest rating items were “duplicate study selection and data extraction”, “assessing and discussing the scientific quality of the included studies,” and “reporting the potential conflicts of interest.” Third, the methodological quality of the studies improved after 2014 compared to the previous years. Based on these findings, suggestions were provided to improve the methodological quality of future studies in meta-analysis.

This article discuss about specificity of Japanese imperialism’s censor system for an history textbook and Korean history education in the first half of the 1930’s. The Japanese imperialism applied inner-Japan education system to colonial Korean middle school after the secondary Korean education ordinance in 1922. This ordinance was part of the Japanese assimilation policy to colonial Korean citizen. But it was not worked. Because colonial Korean’s state of affairs were not same with Japanese. So consequently the Japanese Government-General of Korea censored middle school textbook itself.BR In these circumstances, the Japanese board of education amended curriculums in 1931. This education amendment was ideological groundwork to invading china and protect Japan from communism. Specificity of the education amendment was reinforcement history education, also decrease part of the Korean history in textbook. BR However, it was opposed to the Japanese board of education’s thought. Japanese board of education wanted to make friendly relationships between Korean-Japanese by education. Because these reasons, the Japanese Government-General of Korea should change their education curriculum plan.BR The Japanese Government-General of Korea tried to make high probability for censored textbook by expansion of using censored textbook and convenience of using history textbook. On the one hand, the Japanese Government-General of Korea wanted to publishing of textbook in 1935, but it could not cause of the new education amendment in 1937. Also only the Japanese Government-General of Korea’s censor system was stood.BR Differences of the position between the Japanese Government-General of Korea and the Japanese board of education was based on concerns of interpretation about Korean history in the textbook. It meant they had different method and contents for history education to educate the Japanese imperial spirits.

Purpose: To provide basic informations for guidelines of Ginseng usage during lactation. Method: Based on a regulation of scope and preparation of herbal prescriptions by Ministry of health and welfare of Korea, we selected the formulae for postpartum care and disease in 7 Korean Medical Classics. And we searched the number of formulae including Ginseng, dosage and indications of Ginseng in formulae in those books. Results: The range of Ginseng dosage during lactation from medical classics is 1.5-18.75g/day for medical purposes. Indications of Ginseng are lethargy, excessive bleeding, asthma, fever, cold, pain, dizziness, mental disorder, spasm, digestive problem, constipation, diarrhea, urinary incontinence, edema, breast engorgement, lack of breastmilk, breast ulcer, etc. But Ginseng had not been used in the case of stroke, epistaxis, beginning of mastitis, tumor of lower abdomen. Conclusions: Ginseng should be recommended less than 1.5g/d as a nutritional supplement. If breastfeeding woman wants to take Ginseng as a medication or as a tonic, she should consult with a official specialist about proper prescription and dosage instead of risky random medication.

Modern welfare states have emerged from many advanced industrialised countries, their emergence dating back to the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth century. Invariably, these states have become an intrinsic part of world capitalism. Often, when these industrial countries expanded welfare provisions, they were already fully developed democracies. The case of the Republic of Korea (hereafter Korea) is unique in that it illustrates how an authoritarian developmental state under a military leadership laid the groundwork for future welfare development, despite the fact that a significant portion of its financial resources is devoted to military infrastructure. Although Taiwan has caught up considerably in its social welfare provisions since its democratisation in 1987, democratisation in Korea at around the same time has also helped to consolidate and improve existing social programmes (e.g. national pension and medical insurance).

There have been many studies carried out over the past forty years on Dr. Oh Kung Sun, one of the pioneers of Western medicine in Korea and the first Korean president of Severance Medical School in Seoul. Although these studies are important achievements in examining Oh’s life and work, considering how dramatically his study abroad began and how it became the basis for his contributions to Korea later, there has not been sufficient focus given to his time spent in the United States. This study uses 135 previously unknown letters written by Oh to Dr. Alexander John Aitcheson Alexander(A.J.A. Alexander), his mentor as well as his financial sponsor, and which are now preserved in the Kentucky Historical Society. The letters allow us to learn about Oh’s life in the United States between 1903 and 1907. It is revealed that Oh had been actively engaged in medical studies and had accumulated various clinical experiences, including those from Louisville City Hospital and Indiana State Mental Hospital. Reconstructing Oh’s period of study in the United States both temporally and spatially, which was done in this study, is meaningful. Besides the knowledge and training acquired through schooling, it is fair to say that Christian mission and philanthropic spirit that had been obtained through Alexander proved to be the basis of Dr. Oh Kung Sun’s activities in the service of medical and social welfare in Korea in the 20th century.