Cardioembolic events and death predictors in patients with intraventricular thrombus

Abstract

Abstract Background There is poor evidence about the optimal medical treatment and length of anticoagulation for the management of intraventricular thrombus (IVT). Current ESC guidelines recommend continuation of anticoagulation for up to 6 months. Purpose The objective of this study was to identify predictors of events during follow-up in patients with IVT in order to infer the best therapy in this clinical scenario. Methods All patients with IVT in our tertiary hospital between 2005 and 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were classified into 2 groups, according to whether they developed (group 1) or not (group 2) the combined event of death, myocardial infarction, stroke or embolism during the first 6 months. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify independent risk factors of clinical events. Results 195 patients were included, of whom 40 (24.1%) presented the combined event at 6 months. There were no differences in age (68.5±15.6 vs 65±13.7 years; p=0.167) or gender distribution (80% men vs 84.9%; p=0.463) between the groups. A history of peripheral vascular disease (22% vs 7.1%; p=0.007), atrial fibrillation (AF) (22% vs 6.3%; p= 0.004) and stroke (34.2% vs 11.8%; p=0.001) were more frequent in group 1. The echocardiogram showed more frequently a mobile thrombus (43.2% vs 23%; p=0.017) with the presence of outgrowths (19.4% vs 5.6%; p=0.012) in the group with events. In addition, these patients had worse ventricular function (LVEF 33.6% vs 40.4%; p=0.002). Regarding treatment, the use of P2Y12 inhibitors was lower in group 1 (36.6% vs. 58.3%, p=0.016). There were no differences in the use of anticoagulants (85.4% vs 87.4%, p=0.737) or in the time until the thrombus clearance (median 119 vs 147 days, p=0.152). The presence of outgrowths in the thrombus, the ejection fraction, and a history of stroke were independently associated with the development of events at 6 months (Table). Considering a cut-off point of one-year follow-up instead, only 7 patients more had events. The presence of outgrowths was the only factor that maintained the independent association with the development of events (OR 9.3 (95%CI 1.6-54.7); p=0.01) during this time frame. Conclusions Cardiovascular events after IVT diagnosis are concentrated in the first 6 months. The presence of outgrowths attached to the thrombus, the lower ejection fraction, and a history of stroke were independent predictors of events at 6 months. In addition, the presence of outgrowths maintained its strong association at one year. Therefore, a more aggressive antithrombotic treatment may be considered in the presence of these factors.