Abstract
Since initial reports in the early 1990s cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) has matured and is likely to become an established method for routine cardiac diagnostics. The development of faster gradient-echo sequences and stronger magnetic fields has led to improved temporal and spatial resolution. Myocardial viability can be examined by morphological and functional analysis. Contrast enhanced MRI (ceMRI), perfusion measurements and regional wall motion analysis are the major diagnostic tools. The ability to image in arbitrary double oblique planes provides comprehensive visualization of the heart. The introduction of the MR navigator technique allowed for free-breathing motion corrected 3D coronary MR angiography with improved spatial resolution. Using this approach proximal and mid parts of the coronary arteries have been visualized. Subsequently, sensitivity and specificity for the detection of significant coronary stenoses has been evaluated in a multicenter trial demonstrating good sensitivity and specificity for the detection of significant left main and three vessel disease. However, specificity for the detection of single vessel disease was relatively low. Improved motion compensation techniques and novel imaging sequences (SSFP) are currently under investigation to further refine this technique. Despite these promising results coronary MR-angiography is not likely to replace conventional coronary angiography especially with regard to in-plane spatial resolution, coronary collateralization and in-stent restenosis. In contrast, coronary MR-angiography can provide useful morphological informations including functional analysis of the coronary vascular bed. The combination of a conventional cathlab with CMR may provide CMR-guided myocardial interventions. With further improvements in the catheter technology, CMR interventions using real-time imaging guidance will allow to take advantage of the excellent soft tissue contrast of CMR and the simultaneous visualization of the pulmonary, aortic and coronary vessels. CMR is advantageous for screening and follow-up examinations, and it offers comprehensive assessment of cardiac morphology and function in one single examination.
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