Carbon Storage Contributions of Remnant Forest Patches in Banana-Dominated Agroecosystems in Southern Philippines

矿区废弃地不同林龄栾树人工林生物量和碳储量变化趋势

Calophyllum inophyllum is a superior choice for sustainable biodiesel production. This tree is highly productive, adaptable to various land types, and has a significant potential for carbon sequestration. This study aimed to determine carbon storage variation in biomass, litter, and soil among C. inophyllum provenances from eight islands in Indonesia; identify the best allometric model for estimating total plant biomass carbon stock; and assess the impact of soil physicochemical properties and litter fiber content on total carbon stock. Plant, litter and soil samples were purposively selected from a total of 32 sample points of 8 provenances. Analysis of variance was carried out to determine variations among provenances on carbon storage in plant biomass and its components (stems, branches, twigs, leaves, stumps, and roots), in litter, as well as in soil organic carbon. The best allometric equation was selected to estimate the total plant biomass carbon based on the value of coefficient determination (R2) and RMSE (Root Mean Square Error). Redundancy Analysis (RDA) was carried out to determine the effect of the soil physicochemical properties and litter fiber content on total biomass carbon and total soil organic carbon followed by a partial analysis (Variation Partitioning Analysis). The results of this study showed that variations on carbon storage in plant biomass and its components, in litter, as well as in soil organic carbon were not significantly different among the provenances. The tBC averaged 13.46 tons ha−1, the litter carbon 4.75 tons ha−1, and tSOC 75.91 ton ha−1 with most biomass carbon stored in trunks (31.02%) and most of carbon stock was stored as tSOC (81%). Quadratic (tBC = 0,4172DBH2 - 1,3433DBH + 2,3498) was the best allometric model for estimating carbon storage on plant biomass with diameter at breast height (DBH) as a predictor variable. Most of the variation in total carbon stock was influenced by soil chemical properties (76%) followed by soil physical properties (11%) and litter fiber content (5%). This study implies that the development of C. inophyllum in Indonesia for carbon storage may utilize seeds or planting materials from any origin, disregarding provenances. Applying organic and/or mineral nutrients (N, P, and K) will increase carbon stock in C. inophyllum plantations. This study underscores the significance of assessing C. inophyllum carbon stocks to enhance its role in establishing climate change policies and promoting sustainable resource management.

南亚热带米老排人工林碳贮量及其分配特征

Sand fly populations of different ecological niches in the Amaraji endemic American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (ACL) focus of the Pernambuco Atlantic Forest region of northeastern Brazil were monitored spatiotemporally. Lutzomyia whitmani was dominant in all niches but occurred in smaller numbers in forested locations. L. whitmani was significantly less seasonal than the other species, being present throughout the year while other species were more abundant between February and April. These results suggest that L. whitmani may potentially be the principal vector of ACL in the region, even though the sand fly fauna was diverse: 88% were L.whitmani and 12% belonged to 11 other species. Two other species, L. complexa (1.3%) and L. migonei (0.8%), considered to be ACL vectors in other regions, were also present. This detailed picture of the sand fly population's abundance and spatiotemporal distribution provides a basis for future modeling studies of forecasting sand fly activity patterns and ACL occurrence.

Characteristics of carbon storage and density in different layers of forest ecosystems should be studied comprehensively and in more detail. Using forest inventory data in combination with field survey data, we explored the characteristics of carbon storage and density in different layers of forest ecosystems in Liaoning Province of China. Results showed that total carbon storage was 813.034 Tg C. The carbon storage of soil layer accounted for 81.0% of the total storage with 658.783 Tg C, followed by those of arbor, litter and shrub layers with 128.403 Tg C (15.8%), 22.723 Tg C (2.8%) and 3.125 Tg C (0.4%), respectively. The average carbon density for the forest ecosystems were 183.571 Mg C ha–1, with soil layer (148.744 Mg C ha–1) being the highest one, followed by arbor layer (28.992 Mg C ha–1), litter layer (5.131 Mg C ha–1) and shrub-grass layer (0.706 Mg C ha–1). Carbon storage in different forest ecosystems varied from 1.595 to 319.161 Tg C, while C density ranged from 165.067 to 235.947Mg C ha–1, with the highest and lowest values being observed in soil layer and shrub-grass layers, respectively, implying that soil is the main body of forest carbon storage. Young-aged forests accounted for a greater proportion of forests in the Province than forests in other age classes; and proper management of forests could increase the carbon sequestration in the forest ecosystems. The comparison with previous estimations of carbon storage for forest ecosystem implied that methods and data used for forest carbon storage estimation affected the results of estimates obviously.

<p>Purpose: To research the influence of different densities of Platycladus orientalis plantation on the allocation characteristics of carbon storage in the ecosystem, the density regulation experiment on the Pinus massoniana plantation with different densities was carried out to discuss the change of the carbon storage of the ecosystem. Method: The density regulation experiment was carried out using random block design along contour line. Through the estimation of tree layer biomass of single Pinus massoniana, the determination of the carbon storage in the tree layer of Pinus massoniana, the estimation of the understory shrub, the grass layer, and the wood layer, the determination of carbon storage in vegetation and litter layer under forest, the determination of organic carbon content and carbon storage in the sample, and the carbon storage of the plantation ecosystem of different stand density sample plots, the effects of stand density on biomass and carbon storage of Pinus massoniana plantation were analyzed. Results: The results of average carbon storage per unit area of Pinus massoniana plantation was different stand densities are 94.11 t/tm2 (1679 plants t/hm2), 79.06 t/tm2 (2250 plants / hm2), 73.32 t/tm2 (2800 plants / hm2). With the increase of stand density, the proportion of carbon storage in Pinus massoniana plantation decreased. This is because the larger the stand density, the more trees with small and medium diameter are grown in the Pinus massoniana plantation. The average diameter at breast height of the stand is very small, and the biomass of single tree decreases. The density is most beneficial to the improvement of the carbon storage of the tree layer. Conclusions: Density regulation promotes the accumulation of carbon storage of the Pinus massoniana plantation and increases the carbon storage of understory vegetation, litter, and soil layer.</p>

Niche shift in three foraging insectivorous birds in lowland Malaysian forest patches

黄土丘陵区退耕还林地刺槐人工林碳储量及分配规律

Spatial and temporal isolation and environmental variability are important factors explaining variation in plant species composition. The effect of fragmentation and disturbance on woody plant species composition was studied using data from 32 remnant church forest patches in northern Ethiopia. The church forests are remnants of dry Afromontane forest, embedded in a matrix of intensively used crop and grazing lands. We used canonical correspondence analysis and partial canonical correspondence analysis to analyze the effects of fragmented and isolated forest-patch identity, environmental and spatial variables on woody plant species composition in different growth stages. The dominance of late successional species was higher at the adult growth stage than seedlings and saplings growth stages. In the adult stages, late successional species like Olea europaea subsp. cuspidate had high frequency of occurrence. Forest patch identity was more important in explaining woody plant assemblages than environmental and spatial variables. For all growth stages combined, environmental variables explained more of the explained total fraction of variation in species composition than spatial variables. Topographic variables best explained variations in species composition for saplings, adults and all growth stages combined, whereas the management regime was most important for seedlings species composition. Our results show that in a matrix of cultivated and grazing land, fragmented and isolated forest patches differ in woody plant species assemblages. Some species are widely distributed and occurred in many patches while other occurred only in one or a few forest patches. Thus, our results indicate that remnant forest patches are important for preserving rare plant species and therefore management practices should focus on minimizing disturbance to the church forests and if possible increase church forest patch size.

Summary Non-native species are presumed to be pervasive across the urban landscape. Yet, we actually know very little about their actual distribution. For this study, vegetation plot data from Syracuse, NY and Baltimore, MD were used to examine non-native tree species distribution in urban landscapes. Data were collected from remnant and emergent forest patches on upland sites and riparian habitats. Non-native tree species were divided into three groups based on their frequency of occurrence: ubiquitous, common and infrequent. Unique species distributions were observed. For example, Acer platanoides was a common species on remnant forest patches but was an ubiquitous species on emergent forest patches. In riparian habitats, however, A. platanoides was infrequent. Site histories also played an important role, especially for infrequent species on upland sites. For example, Syringa vulgaris occurred only on abandoned residential sites. Surprisingly, riparian habitats had only four non-native tree species as compared to seven for remnant and 23 species for emergent forest patches on upland sites. No ubiquitous, non-native tree species were observed for riparian habitats and only one species - Morus alba - was common. It occurred on 11 of the 33 plots. The other three non­ native species on riparian sites occurred infrequently. For upland and riparian

Modelling carbon storage in highly fragmented and human-dominated landscapes: Linking land-cover patterns and ecosystem models

The natural mountain forests in northwest China are recognized as a substantial carbon pool and play an important role in local fragile ecosystems. This study used inventory data and detailed field measurements covering different forest age groups (young, middle-aged, near-mature, mature, old-growth forest), structure of forest (tree, herb, litter and soil layer) and trees (leaves, branches, trunks and root) to estimate biomass, carbon content ratio, carbon density and carbon storage in Altai forest ecosystems. The results showed that the average biomass of the Altai Mountains forest ecosystems was 126.67 t·hm−2, and the descending order of the value was tree layer (120.84 t·hm−2) > herb layer (4.22 t·hm−2) > litter layer (1.61 t·hm−2). Among the tree parts, trunks, roots, leaves and branches accounted for 50%, 22%, 16% and 12% of the total tree biomass, respectively. The average carbon content ratio was 0.49 (range: 0.41–0.52). The average carbon density of forest ecosystems was 205.72 t·hm−2, and the carbon storage of the forest ecosystems was 131.35 Tg (standard deviation: 31.01) inside study area. Soil had the highest carbon storage (65.98%), followed by tree (32.81%), herb (0.78%) and litter (0.43%) layers. Forest age has significant effect on biomass, carbon content ratio, carbon density and carbon storage. The carbon density of forest ecosystems in study area was spatially distributed higher in the south and lower in north, which is influenced by climate, topography, soil types and dominant tree species.

Based on survey of 45 plots (1000 m2 each) of five different stand ages, i.e., young, middle-aged, pre-mature, mature, and over-mature plantations, in the main production area of Cunninghamia lanceolata in the north of Guangxi, China, carbon (C) storage and its allocation in vegetation and soil were studied. The results showed that total carbon storage of C. lanceolata plantations changed in the order of over-mature plantation (345.59 t·hm-2) > mature plantation (331.14 t·hm-2) > pre-mature plantation (299.11 t·hm-2) > young plantation (187.60 t·hm-2) > middle-aged plantation (182.81 t·hm-2). For all the stand ages, soil stored the greatest amount of carbon, C pool in vegetation layer was the second, while C storage in the litter layer was lowest. On average, C storage in belowground layer was greater than that in aboveground layer. Carbon storage in aboveground vegetation layer ranged from 34.80 to 134.55 t·hm-2, which contributed 18.6% to 38.9% to the total ecosystem carbon storage and increased with ages. Carbon storage in the litter layer ranged from 1.26 to 2.07 t·hm-2, which only contributed 0.4%-1.1% to the total ecosystem carbon storage. Carbon storage in the soil layer ranged from 149.24 to 206.02 t·hm-2 and represented 61.9%-80.0% of ecosystem carbon storage. Canopy layer stored the highest amount of carbon (33.51-133.7 t·hm-2) and comprised 92.8%-98.9% of aboveground vegetation carbon storage. Within the canopy layer, carbon storage differed with compartments. Stems stored the highest amount of carbon (20.98-95.68 t·hm-2) by accounting for 62.6%-72.6% of carbon storage in the canopy layer, which increased with ages. The branches and leaves accounted for 4.8%-11.0% and 11.1%-14.2% of C stored in the canopy layer, respectively, which all decreased with ages, while increased to some extent in the over-mature plantation. Roots occupied 11.3%-12.3% of carbon storage in the canopy layer with small fluctuation with the stand age.

BackgroundThe growing human population and the need for more food in the world have reduced forests and turned them into agricultural land. Many agricultural products are dependent on pollinating bees, so it is possible to increase crop production by increasing the population of bees in agricultural landscapes and preventing further deforestation. In agricultural landscapes, bees use forest patches as nesting habitats and, therefore, are highly dependent on these patches. Therefore, by creating new forest patches within agricultural fields, we can increase the pollination rate, and thus the crop production. In this regard, understanding the role of forest patches and their effects on bee populations is a key step in successfully implementing the patch creation strategy. To determine the effects of forest patches on bees and pollination services, we reviewed 93 articles examining the effects of forest patches on bees in agricultural landscapes. We divided these effects into three categories based on the sampling method: (1) distance-dependent, (2) amount, and (3) structural effects.MethodsWe searched for published studies related to the effects of the forest patches on bees in agricultural landscapes using the ISI Web of Science. We conducted our search from May 1991 to May 2021 using the following search string keywords: forest fragment, forest patch, forest fragmentation, pollination, and bee.ResultsApproximately, 79% of studies showed that by increasing the distance (up to 2 km) from forest patches, regardless of the type of species, the type of agricultural product around the patches, the size and number of patches, the bees’ diversity and abundance decrease. Approximately, 76% of the studies showed that the presence of forest cover within a radius of 2 km from the target sites has a positive effect on bee populations. Our data also show that larger forest patches maintain a larger population of bees than smaller ones.ConclusionIt was not clear what percentage of a landscape should be covered by forest or how much habitat was sufficient to maintain a viable population of bees. Therefore, we suggest future studies to find the thresholds of forest amounts below which the bee population is rapidly declining.

桃江县毛竹林生态系统碳储量及其空间分布