Carbon Stock and Environmental Variations of Typical Plantations in Mufu Mountain in Hubei Province, China

Impacts of harvesting intensity on carbon allocation to species, size classes and pools in mangrove forests, and the relationships with stand structural attributes

Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) has high carbon sequestration potential and plays an important role in terrestrial carbon cycling. Quantifying the temporal change in Moso bamboo forest carbon stocks is important for understanding forest dynamics and global climate change feedback capacity. In 2009, 168 Moso bamboo forest sample plots were established in Zhejiang Province using National Forest Continuous Inventory protocols and enhanced measurements. These plots were revisited and remeasured in 2014. By comparing the two years, culms number in age classes 2 and 4 increased by 12.3% and 82.5%, respectively, while that in age classes 1 and 3 decreased by 14.7% and 0.03%, respectively. The total aboveground culms carbon stocks increased by 2.95 Mg C ha−1 in the sample plots. On average, age classes 2 and 4 contributed 25.5% and 86.7% of the change in total carbon stocks, respectively. The carbon sequestrated by aboveground culms was 0.42 Tg C year−1, accounting for 1.55 Tg CO2 year−1 in Moso bamboo over an area of 0.78 million hectares in Zhejiang Province. The change in Moso bamboo carbon stocks did not correlate with environmental factors, but significantly increased with increasing culms number and average diameter at breast height (DBH). Our study helps contribute to improvements in Moso bamboo forest management strategies and promote carbon sequestration capacity.


 
 
 Homegardens are one of the most significant and oldest types of land use systems in Sri Lanka which have been recognized as an essential component in providing a variety of ecosystem services. In these systems, trees and shrubs are grown together with food crops under family labor, creating a multitude of biological interactions. Due to rich tree diversity and density, homegarden agroforestry systems are known to have a great capacity to capture and store carbon in their biomass and soil, and thus greatly contribute to mitigation of climate change. Even though the importance of homegardens with regard to the above is highlighted significantly, large knowledge gaps remain on their total carbon storage potential, particularly in low country wet zone homegardens of Sri Lanka. Therefore, the current study aims to estimate the total aboveground and belowground carbon stocks of homegardens in Kalutara district. The study was conducted in ten homegardens ranging from 0.15 Ha to 0.43 Ha. The study focused on all perennial woody trees present in the homegardens. Heights and diameters at breast height (DBH) were measured in a total of 966 woody trees. Aboveground biomass of each tree was calculated nondestructively, using allometric equations which incorporated wood density, DBH and tree height. Belowground biomass was calculated using root: shoot ratios of trees. Total biomass of each tree was converted to total carbon stocks using a conversion factor of 0.5 extracted from literature, considering that total carbon stock of a tree is equivalent to half of its biomass. In order to get the total carbon stock, soil organic carbon (SOC) content of each home garden was analyzed in the laboratory from collected soil samples using the Loss-on-ignition method. Belowground biomass carbon stock and the SOC stock together were taken as the total belowground carbon stock of each homegarden. Estimated mean aboveground carbon stock was 91.4±11.4 Mg ha-1, while the mean belowground carbon stock was determined as 134.3±12.3 Mg ha-1 in low country wet zone home gardens. Aboveground carbon stock, together with the belowground carbon stock, was taken as the total carbon stock of the homegardens. Calculated total carbon stock per unit area for low country wet zone homegardens ranged between 179.873 Mg ha-1 and 286.606 Mg ha-1 with a mean value of 225.7±11.9 Mg ha-1. Above findings of the study present evidence for significant carbon storage capacity of low country wet zone homegardens.
 Keywords: Homegarden, Low country, Wet zone, Carbon stock, Climate change
 
 

Improving the accuracy of estimating greenhouse gas absorption remains an urgent problem. Identification of the ratio of carbon stocks in soils and stand biomass of young and mid-aged forests will allow clarifying the direction of carbon fluxes in forest ecosystems during the development period most productive for atmospheric decarbonization. Increasing the accuracy of carbon stocks in components of forest ecosystems is necessary to recognize the real absorption capacity of Russian forests at the international level. The purpose of this study was to determine the carbon stocks in stand biomass and soils of young and mid-aged forests in the Republic of Tatarstan, as well as their ratio for forests of different species composition and origin. The studies were conducted on 6 sample plots in the most common forest stands aged 10 to 40 years. Organic carbon stocks in soils, stand biomass and other components of forest ecosystems located on sod-podzolic soils were determined. Total carbon stocks, the share of individual components and the ratio of stocks in stand biomass and soils were calculated. It was found that carbon stocks in the biomass of young stands of natural origin ranged from 8.5 to 50.8 t/ha, while in artificial stands they were 123.0 t/ha, and in mid-aged forests – 102.6–173.4 t/ha. Maximum carbon stocks were found in the biomass of stands of mid-aged birch forest, minimum — in young birch forest. Total organic carbon stocks in the studied ecosystems can vary by up to five times and range from 41.4 t/ha to 208.4 t/ha. The share of stand biomass in the structure of total ecosystem stocks ranged from 20.4 % to 91.4 %. Carbon stocks in sod-podzolic soils of the sample sites varied from 5.5 t/ha to 38.9 t/ha. This was lower than the reference values, but even in this case, soil carbon stocks account for 4.1 % to 73.7 % of the total ecosystem carbon stocks. Clarification of carbon stocks in soils of forested areas should be continued. Perhaps, regional databases on soil carbon stocks should be created, taking into account not only the species and age composition of the forest, but also the taxonomic affiliation of soils. In a 10-year-old birch forest the ratio of carbon stocks in the stand and soil was 3:10, in a 25-year-old birch forest it changed to 11:2, in a young pine forest of natural origin it was about 2:1, in artificial pine plantations of the same age it was 22:1. In natural birch forests, during the transition from young forests of age class I to mid-aged forests, carbon stocks in stand biomass increased by 20.5 times. The results obtained demonstrate the active participation of young and mid-aged natural forests in atmospheric decarbonization, with the main carbon sink at this stage of forest ecosystem development occurring in phytomass. Carbon stocks in soil are more conservative. The ratio of carbon stocks in stand biomass and soils of young aspen and middle-aged oak forests was close to the values for natural forests of other species of the same age. Carbon stocks in stand biomass of artificial pine planting was 2.5 times higher than in natural pine forest of the same age (25 years). Further research is required to draw scientifically grounded conclusions on the contribution of natural and planted forests to carbon sequestration.

We report carbon stock in biomass, litter and soil estimated for six locations in natural Quercus ilex L. stands of the Middle and High Moroccan Atlas. Twenty trees at each location were selected according to their diameter classes and felled to measure the biomass of trunk, branches, twigs and leaves and determine allometric relationships. Soil was sampled in five depths (0 - 15, 15 - 30, 30 - 50, 50 - 70 and 70 - 100 cm) and litterfall production measured in all tree stands. The total carbon stock in above-ground biomass ranged between 17 Mg&#183ha&#451 in A&#239t Aamar stand (High Atlas) and 91 Mg&#183ha&#451 in Ksiba stand (Middle Atlas). Perennial organs (trunk, branches and twigs) stored over 95% of the tree carbon stock. Soil organic carbon concentrations ranged from 0.01% (in 70 - 100 cm in all stands) to 8.1% (in 0 - 15 cm in the Ajdir stand in Middle Atlas). The total organic carbon stock in the soil ranged between 141.4 t&#183ha&#451 in Ajdir and 24.6 t&#183ha&#451 in Asloul. The litter contained 0.2 Mg C ha&#451 in the clearing (C2) stand of High Atlas and 14.3 Mg C ha&#451 in (Ajdir) of carbon. The best fitted model for predicting carbon stock in tree biomass was obtained by applying the allometric equation Y = aXb for each biomass fraction and stand, where Y is the aboveground biomass (dry weight) and X is the DBH (Mean diameter at breast height, 1.30 m). These previous data obtained in the present study confirm the important function of these natural forests as longterm C sinks, in forest biomass, litter and soil. The potential long term C storage of these systems is moderately high, especially in less-intensively managed forests that include large trees. The established relationship between DBH and carbon stock in different tree organs can be used for forest carbon accounting, and also synthesize available information on oak forest as a sink for atmospheric CO2, and identify the management options that may enhance the capacity for C capture/ storage in forest soils.

Protected forests play a crucial role in climate change mitigation through their capacity to store carbon. Litter, as one of the essential components of forest ecosystems, contributes significantly to the total carbon stock. This study aims to estimate the amount of litter biomass and carbon content in the Nosar Protected Forest, Bintang District, Central Aceh Regency. Litter sampling was conducted in August 2025 using the destructive sampling method within designated measurement plots. The collected samples were then analyzed in the laboratory to obtain dry weight and ash content for calculating biomass and carbon concentration. The results showed that the total litter carbon stock in the Nosar Protected Forest reached 1,144,312.95 kg, with the largest contribution originating from areas with very dense vegetation, amounting to 855,895.90 kg or 74.8% of the total carbon stock in the area. Vegetation density was found to influence the amount of litter and carbon storage capacity, where higher vegetation density resulted in greater carbon reserves.

Protected forests play a crucial role in climate change mitigation through their capacity to store carbon. Litter, as one of the essential components of forest ecosystems, contributes significantly to the total carbon stock. This study aims to estimate the amount of litter biomass and carbon content in the Nosar Protected Forest, Bintang District, Central Aceh Regency. Litter sampling was conducted in August 2025 using the destructive sampling method within designated measurement plots. The collected samples were then analyzed in the laboratory to obtain dry weight and ash content for calculating biomass and carbon concentration. The results showed that the total litter carbon stock in the Nosar Protected Forest reached 1,144,312.95 kg, with the largest contribution originating from areas with very dense vegetation, amounting to 855,895.90 kg or 74.8% of the total carbon stock in the area. Vegetation density was found to influence the amount of litter and carbon storage capacity, where higher vegetation density resulted in greater carbon reserves.

Forest ecosystems represent an important carbon sink. A few studies have reported carbon stocks in a forest chronosequence, the carbon stock pattern variation and proportion of each compartment remain poorly understood. The objectives of this study were to quantify carbon stocks of each compartment of forest ecosystem and access their contribution to forest carbon stocks with forest succession. Totally, 32 plots (20 m × 50 m) in different stages of forest succession were investigated, including 11 replicates for Masson pine forest at the early stage, 9 for pine-broadleaved mixed forest at the middle stage, and 12 for evergreen broadleaved forest at succession climax, to quantify carbon stocks in trees, shrubs, herbaceous plants, litter and coarse woody debris (CWD), and soil. The total ecosystem carbon stocks ranged from 193 to 257 Mg ha−1, of which vegetation carbon stocks ranged from 94 to 129 Mg ha−1. Tree biomass carbon stocks increased but shrub biomass carbon stocks decreased during forest succession. The increment of tree biomass carbon stocks was far more than that of shrub, resulting in the increases of vegetation carbon stocks during forest succession. Debris carbon stocks ranged from 4.2 to 5.6 Mg ha−1, with no significant variation across the forest chronosequence. The soil carbon stocks (top 100 cm) ranged from 96 to 132 Mg ha−1. Soil carbon stocks increased significantly during the forest chronosequence, of which soil carbon accumulation occured mainly in the topsoil (0–30 cm). There were no significant differences among the proportions of forest ecosystem carbon stocks in the chronosequence. The averages of proportions of vegetation biomass, debris and soil carbon were 46.7 %, 2.1 % and 51.2 %, respectively. Our results present robust evidence for the increasing carbon sequestration across forest succession chronosequence. Furthermore, tree growth and carbon accumulation in topsoil layer contribute equivalently to carbon sequestration during forest succession in subtropical China.

Purpose. Investigate the carbon stock in the forest litter in the Skolivski Beskydy (Ukrainian Carpathians), taking into account the mountainous features of the region, and model the regional regression equation for calculating the carbon stock in the litter based on the obtained data. Methods. Field studies of carbon stock in forest litter by the technique of Skorodumov. Determination of mineral parts and bedding was determined by dry ashing. Mathematical modeling. Results. The work was carried out on the territory of the Skolivski Beskydy (Ukrainian Carpathians). The selected area provides an opportunity to study the impact of abiotic factors on the formation of carbon stocks in forest litter, as well as to compare these reserves in different types of forest use. As a result of route research, the calculation of the carbon stock in the forest litter on the laid transects of the Skole Beskids was calculated. Carbon reserves were calculated on the basis of eight transects in the Skolivski Beskydy. From the obtained results, we found the dependence of carbon stock in forest litter on the species composition of the stand, exposure, and slope steepness. Based on the results obtained, it was possible to form a regional regression equation for converting data from the state forest cadastre to calculate carbon stocks in the litter, considering the altitude and slope steepness. Conclusions. The correlation between carbon stock in forest litter and abiotic factors (stand composition, exposure, slope steepness) was revealed, which allowed creating of a regional regression equation for the conversion of state forest cadastre data for carbon stock calculations in forest litter.

Total carbon and nitrogen stocks under different land use/land cover types in the Southwestern region of Nigeria

Greenhouse gas emissions are the main cause of global warming through the Green House Effect event. This occurs due to an increase in greenhouse gas emissions from various emission sources, one of which is land cover change. Land cover on the earth's surface has a fixed carbon stock value that contributes to storing carbon stocks through its absorption capacity. So, if there is a change in land cover from one land cover to another, it will cause the carbon stock of a land cover to change. Research on changes in carbon stocks due to land cover changes were carried out in Kendal Regency. This study uses Landsat image data from 2008, 2013, and 2018. The method used is image interpretation with guided classifications and Stock Difference for calculating changes in carbon stocks. The results obtained from this study are the changes in land cover in Kendal Regency in 2008-2018. The occurrence of land cover conversion will affect the carbon stock stored in each type of land cover in the Kendal Regency. Kendal Regency's carbon stock for 10 years has decreased. In the period 2008-2013, the total decline in carbon stocks was -4,305,193.29 tons C. This situation was caused because land cover in 2008 had more total carbon stock than the total carbon stock in 2013. Meanwhile, in the 2013- period 2018, there was a change in the carbon stock of -1,450,080.51 ton C, where the land cover in 2013 had more total carbon stock compared to the total carbon stock stored in 2018. The difference in total carbon stock in a certain year is influenced by the area of land cover as well as the determination of the carbon stock that each land cover has. The results of calculations regarding the estimated carbon stock in the Kendal Regency can then be considered for stakeholders and policymakers to develop plans and scenarios (land use directions) that support the mitigation of land-based greenhouse gas emissions to address environmental problems.

Palmyrah (Borassus flabellifer) palm land-use system: A potential key tool for enhancing carbon stock and floristic diversity in a dry zone tropical landscape

Partitioning main carbon pools in a semi-deciduous rainforest in eastern Cameroon

Peatlands are significant terrestrial carbon reservoirs which play a key role in the global carbon cycle, both as major sinks and significant emitters of carbon dioxide. When studying carbon accumulation and carbon emissions from peatlands it is essential to scale the observed fluxes (net emissions) to the available soil carbon (C) stocks. For many peatland areas in the Netherlands, the average thickness of the peat deposit is known, however, important parameters on peat carbon density and peat substrate quality are poorly documented.In this study we present high resolution carbon profile data for a wide range of Dutch research locations to quantify their total carbon stock. The locations are part of the NOBV emission monitoring network. We determined the botanical composition, measured the bulk density, organic matter content and composition and the degree of degradation using extraction techniques and stable isotopes of N and C. Based on these data we gained insight in the total carbon pool sizes, the variance in chemical composition of the peat layers and the peat degradation stage along the depth profiles. We combined these C stock data with the site-specific groundwater dynamics and divided the carbon stocks into different risk classes for aerobic decomposition, depending on the number of days that they were above the actual groundwater level.Average carbon stocks were 87 kg/ m2 based on a usual soil profile depth of 120cm. Strikingly, carbon stocks in a peaty soil were similar to a relative undisturbed peat due to the higher density of the organic matter in degraded soils. C:N ratios are strongly driven by botanical origin of the peat. Degradation proxies largely followed the hydrological gradient with a clear decrease in δ15N with depth and shifts in ratios between acid soluble to acid insoluble organic fractions indicating a specific preservation of lignin type of substrates in anoxic peat layers. This study highlights the variability in peat carbon stocks in the Dutch coastal peatlands and underlines the need to extend the emission control measures to include the peaty soils as they still contain significant amounts of carbon.

Tropical montane forests (TMFs) play an important role as a carbon reservoir at a global scale. However, there is a lack of a comprehensive understanding on the variation in carbon storage across TMF compartments [namely aboveground biomass (AGB), belowground biomass (BGB), and soil organic matter] along altitudinal and environmental gradients and their potential trade-offs. This study aims to: 1) understand how carbon stocks vary along altitudinal gradients in Andean TMFs, and; 2) determine the influence of climate, particularly precipitation seasonality, on the distribution of carbon stocks across different forest compartments. The study was conducted in sixty 0.1 ha plots along two altitudinal gradients at the Podocarpus National Park (Ecuador) and Río Abiseo National Park (Peru). At each plot, we calculated the amount of carbon in AGB (i.e. aboveground carbon stock, AGC), BGB (i.e. belowground carbon stock, BGC), and soil organic matter (i.e. soil organic carbon stock, SOC). The mean total carbon stock was 244.76 ± 80.38 Mg ha–1 and 211.51 ± 46.95 Mg ha–1 in the Ecuadorian and Peruvian plots, respectively. Although AGC, BGC, and SOC showed different partitioning patterns along the altitudinal gradient both in Ecuador and Peru, total carbon stock did not change with altitude in either site. The combination of annual mean temperature and precipitation seasonality explained differences in the observed patterns of carbon stocks across forest compartments between the two sites. This study suggests that the greater precipitation seasonality of colder, higher altitudes may promote faster turnover rates of organic matter and nutrients and, consequently, less accumulation of SOC but greater AGC and BGC, compared to those sites with lesser precipitation seasonality. Our results demonstrate the capacity of TMFs to store substantial amounts of carbon and suggest the existence of a trade-off in carbon stocks among forest compartments, which could be partly driven by differences in precipitation seasonality, especially under the colder temperatures of high altitudes.