Abstract
Indonesia is one of the countries with the largest tropical rainforest area, especially in Papua Island together with Papua New Guinea accounted the third largest tropical rainforests in the world, after the Amazon (336.7 million ha) and Congo (181.3 million ha). The total tropical rainforest area is 68.7 million ha contained Papua about 57% (39.2 million ha) and 43% (29.5 million ha) Papua New Guinea. Unfortunately, deforestation rates in the few decades increased from 1.39 million ha in the period 1985 – 1997 and 0.6 million ha in the period 2000 – 2005. The direct impact of rapid LULUCF (Land Use, Land Use Change & Forestry) changes since 1980`s has accumulated critical land by 29.0% of forest area in West Papua and 31.4% of forest area in Papua. Climate change affected in Papua region due to rapid amount GHG`s emissions into the atmosphere by increasing average temperature about 0.7oC, minimum temperature (0.7oC) and maximum temperature (1.2oC) during period 1996 – 2005. Other effects of climate change the decreased rainfall up to 26% per month in the last decade, 50% reduced total agriculture productivity, expanded malaria diseases, and increased extreme condition such as drought with intensity of forest fire detected in Sorong due to inter-annual climate variability events, such as the El-Niño event and flood due to the La-Niña event. However, it is difficult task to build mitigation and adaptation planning in the region or local scale due to the lack information, the lack human resources, and local topography and phenomena. In that case, so far, no study has been conducted in Papua region to build mitigation and adaptation planning for carbon management. Therefore, this study tries to promote a carbon management program for help local government to solve forest environmental problems consideration of climate change.
Highlights
Tropical rainforests play the important role aseco-utilitiesproviding critical ecosystem services such as food, energy, water and climate security at global to regional and local scales
The other ecosystem services, such as religious, recreation and cultural heritage, biodiversity, hydrology, soil formation, nutrient cycling and primary production were mentioned by Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005) to practice sustainable forest management focusing the integration of ecological, social, and economic values for local communities who lived around the forest area
It is difficult task to build mitigation and adaptation planning in the region or local scale, especially in Papua due to the lack information, the lack human resources, local topography and phenomena, the limited data, and the lack of methodologies to account source and sink of carbon
Summary
Tropical rainforests play the important role aseco-utilitiesproviding critical ecosystem services such as food (medicine), energy, water and climate security at global to regional and local scales. Climate change is affected in Papua region due to rapid amount GHGs emissions into the atmosphere by increasing average temperature about 0.7oC, minimum temperature (0.7oC) and maximum temperature (1.2oC) during period 19962005 (BMKG Manokwari, 2006) Another effects of climate change are decreased rainfall up to 26% per month in the last decade, 50% reduced total agriculture productivity (Manokwari Assessment Institute for Agricultural Technology, 2009), expanded malaria diseases, and increased extreme condition such as drought with intense of forest fire detected in Sorong due to inter-annual climate variability events, such as El-Niño event (Kiyono and Hastaniah, 2000; Cochrane, 2003) and flood due to La-Niña event (IRI, 2011). International scheme like PostKyoto Protocol, Reduction Emission from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD), and the other international scheme is needed to mitigate LULUCF activities and GHGs emissions by payments for environmental services (PES) as compensation carbon price through reforestation (replanting in forest area) and afforestation (replanting in non-forest area) activities together capacity building to develop local communities and local carbon management planning.
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