Carbon Footprint Assessment of a Paperback Book

Life-cycle assessment of greenhouse gas emissions from dairy production in Eastern Canada: A case study

This study aims to assess greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of Poy(lactic acid) (PLA) with cassava starch blend (PLA/starch) and Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) trays from cradle to grave. The various waste treatment scenarios were considered. The functional unit is specified as 10,000 units of 8 x 10 x 2.5 cm. of PLA/starch and PET trays which weigh 597.6 and 582.7.5 kilograms, respectively. The results from cradle to production gate were found that GHG emissions of PLA/starch has 51.38% lower than that of PET. This is because PET has higher weight of the trays. The resin production stage of PET tray has the highest of greenhouse GHG emissions. The results from cradle to grave show that the highest total GHG emissions are observed from PLA/starch or PET trays with 90% of landfill and 10% of incineration. The lowest GHG emissions from disposal PLA/starch and PET trays are from landfill with biogas recovery and incineration with heat recovery. This can be reduced GHG emissions by 3.11103 and 1.28103 kg CO2 equivalent.

Carbon footprint analysis and carbon neutrality potential of desalination by electrodialysis for different applications

Aktualnie ważnym wyzwaniem dla sektora rolniczego jest redukcja emisji gazów cieplarnianych (GHG) w celu złagodzenia skutków zmian klimatycznych. Istnieje potrzeba dokładnej identyfikacji źródeł emisji oraz upowszechnienia praktyk rolniczych, które przyczyniałyby się do zmniejszenia emisji we wszystkich ogniwach produkcji roślinnej. Do przeprowadzenia obiektywnych porównań i wyboru najlepszych rozwiązań technologicznych według kryterium emisyjności potrzebna jest szczegółowa ocena ilościowa emisji GHG. W opracowaniu przedstawiono ocenę emisji GHG w produkcji roślinnej za pomocą śladu węglowego (CF). Udział operacji technologicznych w powstawaniu CF scharakteryzowano na przykładzie rzepaku ozimego. Wyniki badań wskazują, że największe znaczenie w kształtowaniu CF ma proces nawożenia mineralnego. Wpływ pozostałych procesów na CF jest wielokrotnie mniejszy. Miejscem głównych emisji GHG w nawożeniu mineralnym rzepaku są emisje bezpośrednie i pośrednie GHG z pól. Po emisjach GHG z pól, produkcja nawozów stanowi drugie źródło emisji z nawożenia. Zmiany praktyk rolniczych polegających na zwiększeniu efektywności nawożenia azotowego oraz stosowaniu nawozów o niskich współczynnikach emisji stwarzają obecnie możliwość redukcji emisji GHG i przez to, tym samym mogą przyczynić się do zmniejszenia CF produktów roślinnych.

Life cycle assessment of primary energy demand and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of four propylene production pathways in China

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 基于生命周期评价的上海市水稻生产的碳足迹 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201304240794 作者: 作者单位: 上海市农业科学院,上海市农业科学院,上海市农业科学院,上海市农业科学院,江西农业大学 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家科技部支撑计划后世博专项资助项目（2010BAK69B18）；上海市科委崇明科技攻关专项资助项目（10DZ1960101） Life cycle assessment of carbon footprint for rice production in Shanghai Author: Affiliation: Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Seed management station of Shanghai,,,Jiangxi Agricultural University Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:碳足迹是指由企业、组织或个人引起的碳排放的集合。参照PAS2050规范并结合生命周期评价方法对上海市水稻生产进行了碳足迹评估。结果表明：（1）目前上海市水稻生产的碳排放为11.8114 t CO2e/hm2，折合每吨水稻生产周期的碳足迹为1.2321 t CO2e；（2）稻田温室气体排放是水稻生产最主要的碳排放源，每吨水稻生产的总排放量为0.9507 t CO2e，占水稻生产全部碳排放的77.1%，其中甲烷（CH4）又是最主要的温室气体，对稻田温室气体碳排放的贡献率高达96.6%；（3）化学肥料的施用是第二大碳排放源，每吨水稻生产的总排放量为0.2044 t CO2e，占水稻生产总碳排放的16.5%，其中N最高，排放量为0.1159 t CO2e。因此，上海低碳水稻生产的关键在降低稻田甲烷的排放，另外可通过提高氮肥利用效率，减少氮肥施用等方法减少种植过程中碳排放。 Abstract:Global climate change has become an urgent issue of concern. Climate change will increasingly threaten our food production, security and even the survival of the human race. It also has a serious impact on natural ecosystems and the socioeconomic system. With the increasing scale and improvement in mechanization levels, the economic linkage between agricultural production and reduction of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions is even closer in the agricultural production system. Therefore, the development of a low-carbon agricultural model is one of the long-term strategies for low-carbon economic growth throughout the country.This research of carbon footprint is introduced to measure the GHG emission over the rice production cycle. The carbon footprint can be defined as the total carbon emissions caused by an organization, event, product or person. At present, carbon footprints are used to measure GHG emissions in products, services, organizations, cities and countries and offer the decision basis for the formulation of GHG emission reduction schemes.Agricultural ecological systems, every year, also produce a lot of GHG emissions. The whole process of prenatal, intrapartum and postpartum agricultural production are closely related to energy consumption and GHG emission. In the process, all the agricultural inputs, such as chemical fertilizers, pesticides, seeds, cultivation, plant protection, agricultural machinery, irrigation and harvest also produce greenhouse gas emissions.The whole cultivation of rice involves methane (CH4) emission. This study shows that rice cultivation is one of the biggest sources of GHG emissions in crop cultivation. Rice paddies emit a large amount of methane in their water logged mode. Different irrigation modes have a great influence on the emission of GHG. Straw return is another factor that promotes GHG emissions. Soil organic content increases with the return of straw, with an increase in the soil methanogen activity, leading to increased methane emissions.The current carbon footprint research is the first time it has been used to measure the carbon emissions involved in rice production. The carbon footprint for rice production in Shanghai was assessed by the PAS2050 paradigm and life cycle assessment. The study area, located in Changjiang Farm, which belongs to the Guangming Group in Chongming County Shanghai City atlatitude 121°32'22' E, longitude31°40'23' N. Chongming County, in the Yangtze River Estuary, is a typical sub tropical monsoon climate with mild climate, abundant rainfall, annual average temperatures of 15.3 ℃, and annual precipitation of 1245 mm. It is the major grain production base for Shanghai city with winter wheat and summer rice forming their main planting patterns, which are typical for the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River rice-wheat rotation cropping pattern.The entire carbon emission of rice production in Shanghai was 11.8114 t CO2e (CO2-equivalents)/hm2, corresponding to a 1.2321 t CO2e/t rice grain yield. GHG emissions from paddy fields were the major source, which emitted 0.9507 t CO2e/t rice and accounted for 77.1% of total carbon emissions during rice production. Moreover, CH4 was the largest source for GHG emissions with a contribution rate of 96.6%.Chemical fertilizers were the second largest emission source in rice production. Chemical fertilizers emitted 0.2044 t CO2e for each ton of rice production, contributing 16.5% of total carbon emissions in rice production. N fertilizer was the biggest emission source, which released 0.1159 t CO2e/t rice.This research investigates the GHG emissions over the whole process of the Shanghai rice production cycle and reveals the energy consumption and GHG emissions in rice production. Thus, a rice carbon footprint is calculated by assessing the GHG emissions in Shanghai rice production. The results are beneficial for producing reduction plans of reducing GHG emissions in Shanghai rice production. Furthermore, the results will supply both practicable and theoretical foundations for drafting carbon footprint formulations in other industrial areas. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

A wide range of calculators have been developed to assess the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of agricultural products, including biomass for bioenergy production. However, these calculators often fail in their ability to take into account the differences in pedoclimatic conditions, agricultural management practices and characteristics of perennial crops and crop rotations. As a result, the predictions of GHG emissions by these calculators are characterized by a high level of uncertainty, and calculators may fail in their ability to detect mitigation options along the production chain. The aim of this study was to analyze the available calculators for calculating GHG emissions from energy crop cultivation based on Carbon Footprint (CFP) approaches according to the goal and scope of the calculator, the methodology used to account for GHG emissions from energy crop cultivation, energy crop cultivation management practices and the ability to model crop rotation. Out of 44 environmental assessment calculators for agricultural products, we identified 18 calculators which are capable of assessing GHG emissions from energy crop cultivation. These calculators differ in their goal and scope and which farming operations related to crop management are taken into account; this makes it difficult to compare and interpret the results from these CFP assessments. Only seven calculators out of 18 can calculate GHG emissions from energy crop rotations. At the moment, none of these calculators are able to consider actual effects from energy crops in rotation in the context of nutrient shifts, reductions in the use of agricultural operating needs, or the sequence and composition of crop rotations. However, by expanding the system boundaries of the CFP study, by taking the whole energy crop rotation and local agricultural management practices into account, the opportunity to identify more GHG mitigation options increases.

Environmental sustainability is a vital issue in the clothing industry due to a large percentage of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from clothing manufacturing to consumption. The main GHGs are carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydro fluorocarbons (HFCs), per fluorocarbons (PFCs) and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6). Carbon dioxide is considered as the most significant greenhouse gas. The carbon footprint (CFP) of clothing supply chain reflects the GHG emissions throughout the life cycle of a product or activity, and CFP assessment is an important approach to assess GHG emissions. Polyester is one of the most widely used synthetic fibres in the world, but it is produced from non-renewable resources. In this study, a life cycle assessment (LCA) of a polyester T-shirt imported to Australia from China has been undertaken to examine the processes which cause GHG emissions across the life cycle. The results of the baseline model showed that consumer use phase contributes the highest CFP 30.35%, and second highest contributor is polyester fibre production process. Within the production phase, spinning is the highest contributor of CFP due to high electric energy demand. Within the consumer use phase, CFP is dominated by the washing process. The results of the model can be considered reliable comparing with other related studies.

This paper presents a preliminary assessment of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from all major hydropower reservoirs in Malaysia from the period of 1930–2017. The GHG emissions are calculated based on the Tier 1 method as recommended in International Government Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines. The results showed that approximately 151.64 Gg of annual methane emission released from hydropower dams in Peninsular Malaysia. While in East Malaysia, hydropower dams release 235.7 Gg of methane emission annually. Bakun dam contributes the most 41.26% of total annual methane emission from hydropower dams in Malaysia. Ulu Jelai hydroelectric dam with design power capacity of 372 MW contributes the least CH4 emission of 0.02 Gg CH4 yr−1. It is seen that high head hydroelectric dam with small reservoir surface area is the most sustainable hydropower dam in reducing the GHG emission. However, long-term measurements must be made in order to clarify the net GHG emissions from reservoir surface, turbines, spillway and downstream river of hydropower dams in Malaysia.

Modelling the effect on chronic disease health of changing food prices based on greenhouse gas emissions

Transportation fuel production from gasified biomass integrated with a pulp and paper mill - Part B: Analysis of economic performance and greenhouse gas emissions

Au Quebec, l’industrie des pâtes et papiers a reduit de plus de 30 % ses emissions de gaz a effet de serre (GES) de 1990 a 2006. Dans cet article, nous analysons, a l’aide d’un modele de la demande d’energie, les facteurs qui ont contribue a cette reduction : prix de l’energie, portefeuille de produits, changements technologiques et utilisation de la biomasse. Le portefeuille de produits de cette industrie se compose de pâte, de carton et de papier. Si la pâte est, pour l’industrie consideree dans son ensemble, un produit intermediaire, ce n’est pas necessairement le cas pour les usines prises individuellement ; l’integration verticale, qui varie selon les usines, offre differentes possibilites de transferer la chaleur d’un stade de production a un autre. Nous avons reparti les usines en deux groupes sur la base des procedes chimiques et mecaniques utilises pour reduire le bois en pâte. Nos resultats montrent que ce sont les changements dans le portefeuille de produits qui ont le plus contribue a la reduction des emissions de GES. L’augmentation du prix du carburant par rapport a celui de l’electricite a joue un certain role, mais beaucoup moins important. Enfin, selon l’estimation que nous avons faite, l’elasticite des prix de l’electricite et du carburant est faible, mais il est quand meme possible de reduire de maniere appreciable les emissions de GES en remplacant le mazout lourd par l’electricite ; un faible changement des prix relatifs de ces deux types de sources d’energie peut justifier une telle substitution. Abstract: Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of the Quebec pulp and paper industry fell by more than 30 percent from 1990 to 2006. We use an energy demand model to analyze the contributions to this decrease of energy prices, product mix, technological change, and biomass use. The product mix is made of pulp, and cardboard, and paper. Pulp is an intermediate product for the industry, but not necessarily so for mills; vertical integration varies across mills and presents different opportunities to transfer heat between stages of production. Chemical and mechanical pulping processes are used to form two groups of pulp and paper mills. We find that changes of product mixes contributed the most to reduce GHG emissions, followed to a lesser extent by increases of fuel prices relative to electricity. The estimated electricity and fuel price elasticities are low. However it is still possible to significantly reduce GHG emissions by substituting natural gas for heavy fuel oil; such a substitution could be brought about by a small change of their relative price.

Gas turbine installations (GTIs) are widely used to generate electrical and thermal energy, mainly by burning gaseous fuels. With the development of hydrogen energy technology, a current area of particular interest is the use of GTIs to burn hydrogen. In order to assess the prospects of using GTIs in this way, it is necessary to understand the carbon emissions of gas turbines within the larger context of the entire hydrogen life cycle and its carbon footprint. The article provides an overview of results from previously published studies on life cycle assessment (LCA) of complex technical devices associated with the production and consumption of fuel and energy, which are most similar to GTIs when it comes to the complexity of LCA. The subject of analysis was a set of GTIs located in Russia with a capacity of 16 MW. An assessment of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions per MWh of electricity produced showed that at different stages of the GTI life cycle, the total carbon footprint was 198.1–604.3 kg CO2-eq., of which more than 99% came from GTI operation. Greenhouse gas emissions from the production and end-of-life management stages are significantly lower for GTIs compared to those for other complex technical devices used to generate electricity. This is an indicator of the strong prospects for the future use of GTIs.

<h3>Introduction</h3> The SABA Use IN Asthma (SABINA) programme associates SABA overuse (prescription of ≥3 canisters per year versus 0–2) with increased risk of exacerbations and asthma-related healthcare utilisation¹; with this overuse common across Europe.² In parallel, the environmental impact of inhaler choice receives attention but is often focussed on preventers. We analysed the volume of SABA use and its GHG emissions versus total inhaler devices and compared the U.K. with other European countries. Next, we calculated the annual volume and GHG emissions from SABA overuse in asthma in the U.K. using the SABINA U.K. study data. <h3>Methods</h3> Inhaler use was calculated using sales data obtained from life science analytics company IQVIA™ over 12 months to September 2019. Data were compared by dose, preventing confounding from device actuation count differences. SABA overuse volume in asthma <i>i.e.</i> sum of prescribing ≥3 prescriptions in 12 months, was extracted from Clinical Practice Research Datalink GOLD as part of SABINA U.K. (≥12 years, current asthma diagnosis, any severity, 12 month period between 2007–2019). GHG emissions of inhaler devices were estimated using published and internal AstraZeneca data on their full life cycle. <h3>Results</h3> SABA represents the majority of inhaler use and of GHG emissions in the U.K. and its neighbours (table 1). However, U.K. SABA use and GHG emissions per capita are approximately treble those of other countries. In SABINA U.K., 284,683 out of 574,913 asthma patients were potentially overusing SABA. The average for this group was 6.51 prescriptions per year. 83% of SABA prescriptions for asthma went to patients overusing SABA. For the U.K. asthma population this represents 9.24 million SABA prescriptions and 250,000 tonnes of CO₂[equivalent] annually. <h3>Conclusion</h3> These data demonstrate the GHG emissions associated with high SABA use across Europe and particularly in the U.K. Implementing guidelines to drive improvements in asthma care would improve asthma control, thereby reducing reliever medication use and exacerbation frequency, benefiting patients and realising carbon savings that go beyond the reduction in SABA use alone. <h3>Reference</h3> Bloom CI, <i>et al</i>. <i>Adv Ther</i> 2020: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-020-01444-5 Janson C, <i>et al</i>. <i>Adv Ther</i> 2020: <b>37</b>; 1124–1135

Better information on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and mitigation potential in the agricultural sector is necessary to manage these emissions and identify responses that are consistent with the food security and economic development priorities of countries. Critical activity data (what crops or livestock are managed in what way) are poor or lacking for many agricultural systems, especially in developing countries. In addition, the currently available methods for quantifying emissions and mitigation are often too expensive or complex or not sufficiently user friendly for widespread use.The purpose of this focus issue is to capture the state of the art in quantifying greenhouse gases from agricultural systems, with the goal of better understanding our current capabilities and near-term potential for improvement, with particular attention to quantification issues relevant to smallholders in developing countries. This work is timely in light of international discussions and negotiations around how agriculture should be included in efforts to reduce and adapt to climate change impacts, and considering that significant climate financing to developing countries in post-2012 agreements may be linked to their increased ability to identify and report GHG emissions (Murphy et al 2010, CCAFS 2011, FAO 2011).