Carbon Emissions Analysis of Pelletization Practices for Direct Reduced Iron

A scientific carbon accounting system can help enterprises reduce carbon emissions. This study took an enterprise in the Yangtze River basin as a case study. The accounting classification of carbon emissions in the life cycle of lime production was assessed, and the composition of the sources of carbon emission was analyzed, covering mining explosives, fuel (diesel, coal), electricity and high-temperature limestone decomposition. Using the IPCC emission factor method, a carbon life cycle emission accounting model for lime production was established. We determined that the carbon dioxide equivalent from producing one ton of quicklime ranged from 1096.68 kg CO2 equiv. to 1176.96 kg CO2 equiv. from 2019 to 2021 in the studied case. The decomposition of limestone at a high temperature was the largest carbon emission source, accounting for 64% of the total carbon emission. Coal combustion was the second major source of carbon emissions, accounting for 31% of total carbon emissions. Based upon the main sources of carbon emission for lime production, carbon emission reduction should focus on CO2 capture technology and fuel optimization. Based on the error transfer method, we calculated that the overall uncertainty of the life cycle carbon emissions of quicklime from 2019 to 2021 are 2.13%, 2.07% and 2.09%, respectively. Using our analysis of carbon emissions, the carbon emission factor of producing one unit of quicklime in the lime enterprise in the Yangtze River basin was determined. Furthermore, this research into carbon emission reduction for lime production can provide a point of reference for the promotion of carbon neutrality in the same industry.

Multi-factor decomposition and multi-scenario prediction decoupling analysis of China's carbon emission under dual carbon goal

Chapter 17 - Analysis of carbon emissions in composting and vermicomposting of excess sludge

Due to the mandatory push to meet the carbon emission reduction commitments proposed in the Paris Agreement, an analysis of the peak carbon emission production times in China is required. This paper focuses on the peak production times of the total carbon emissions (TCEs) and carbon emissions intensity (CEI) in China. According to the development of China's carbon emissions and related targets in the 13th Five-Year Plan, the peak production times of TCE and CEI in different scenarios are predicted based on an influence mechanism analysis of China's carbon emissions from the perspectives of energy, economy, and society. Considering the development characteristics of China at this stage, this paper introduces several new indicators including the full-time equivalent of research and development (R&D) personnel and the investment in environmental pollution control. Based on the results of the study, several policy recommendations are put forward to fulfil China's carbon emission reduction commitments.

Due to the mandatory push to meet the carbon emission reduction commitments proposed in the Paris Agreement, an analysis of the peak carbon emission production times in China is required. This paper focuses on the peak production times of the total carbon emissions (TCEs) and carbon emissions intensity (CEI) in China. According to the development of China's carbon emissions and related targets in the 13th Five-Year Plan, the peak production times of TCE and CEI in different scenarios are predicted based on an influence mechanism analysis of China's carbon emissions from the perspectives of energy, economy, and society. Considering the development characteristics of China at this stage, this paper introduces several new indicators including the full-time equivalent of research and development (R&D) personnel and the investment in environmental pollution control. Based on the results of the study, several policy recommendations are put forward to fulfil China's carbon emission reduction commitments.

Based on energy consumption data of each region in China from 1997 to 2009 and using ArcGIS9.3 and GeoDA9.5 as technical support, this paper made a preliminary study on the changing trend of spatial pattern at regional level of carbon emissions from energy consumption, spatial autocorrelation analysis of carbon emissions, spatial regression analysis between carbon emissions and their influencing factors. The analyzed results are shown as follows. (1) Carbon emissions from energy consumption increased more than 148% from 1997 to 2009 but the spatial pattern of high and low emission regions did not change greatly. (2) The global spatial autocorrelation of carbon emissions from energy consumption increased from 1997 to 2009, the spatial autocorrelation analysis showed that there exists a “polarization” phenomenon, the centre of “High-High” agglomeration did not change greatly but expanded currently, the centre of “Low-Low” agglomeration also did not change greatly but narrowed currently. (3) The spatial regression analysis showed that carbon emissions from energy consumption has a close relationship with GDP and population, R-squared rate of the spatial regression between carbon emissions and GDP is higher than that between carbon emissions and population. The contribution of population to carbon emissions increased but the contribution of GDP decreased from 1997 to 2009. The carbon emissions spillover effect was aggravated from 1997 to 2009 due to both the increase of GDP and population, so GDP and population were the two main factors which had strengthened the spatial autocorrelation of carbon emissions.

The indirect carbon emission embodied in the intermediate input is also an important indicator of assessing a producer's carbon emissions. Structural analysis of indirect carbon emissions is helpful to understand the responsibilities between producers and pay efforts to key areas. The aim of this study is to analyze indirect carbon emissions embodied in intermediate input between sectors and explore the distribution structure of indirect carbon emissions flow network (namely, ICEFN). Based on the modified input-output model and complex network theory, this study constructed four directed and weighted ICEFNs with 28 sectors from 1997 to 2012. The results show that indirect carbon emissions between sectors are significantly higher than direct carbon emissions, accounting for nearly 70% of the total carbon emissions of China. Second, we analyzed the embodied carbon emission intensity (namely, ECI) of each sector. Although the ECI has been decreasing over time, the decrease has increasingly diminished, which indicates that the additional carbon emission reductions are more difficult. Third, we identified the key sectors which play different roles in the ICEFNs. Meanwhile, we studied the key paths which show more closed relationships between some sectors in ICEFNs. Finally, based on the above analysis, we made policy recommendations.

Against the backdrop of global advocacy for energy conservation and emission reduction, an understanding of the characteristics of vehicle carbon emissions can help to better formulate emission control strategies and lead the development of powertrain systems. This article reports on an investigation of the feasibility of carbon emission assessment based on both engine operating conditions and vehicle driving conditions. It was found that engine operating parameters can adapt well to CO 2 emissions for fossil fuel powered vehicles. To modify a model of traditional vehicle specific power (VSP) correlated with CO 2 emissions, two alternative parameters, VSP_air and VSP_fuel, have been proposed, which provide better prediction accuracy in linking tailpipe emissions to vehicle activities and engine operation parameters. Conversely, considering the complex geographical terrain of a city such as Chongqing, China, the correlation between VSP and vehicle carbon emissions rate will be significantly increased when the road gradient is coupled with the VSP formula. Moreover, the geospatial visualization of localized carbon emission during a real drive emission test was displayed based on a bubble map. As a result, the localized analysis of actual road carbon emissions of light vehicles based on the VSP method in this study facilitates the development of high-precision carbon accounting in traffic transportation.

Analysis of carbon emissions from social water cycle in the Pearl River Delta of COVID-19: Perspectives from water-energy-carbon nexus

A profound analysis of China’s research achievements in the realm of carbon emissions holds the potential to furnish insightful references for analogous endeavors and inquiries in other nations. Employing the CiteSpace tool, this paper identifies five major focal points in Chinese scholars’ research on carbon emissions: carbon emission computation and prediction, influencing factors of carbon emissions, carbon footprint, carbon emission efficiency, and differential analysis of carbon emissions. Subsequently, this article systematically scrutinizes and dissects the outcomes of Chinese scholars’ endeavors in the aforementioned five focal points, culminating in recommending China’s forthcoming research on carbon emissions. (1) The research findings reveal a diversified evolution in the methods employed for calculating and predicting carbon emissions in China. However, due to the limited exploration of delineating carbon emission boundaries, instances of overlap and deviation in carbon emission quantification have emerged. (2) Factors influencing carbon emissions can be categorized into five major classes: economic, demographic, energy-related, policy-driven, and others. Yet, studies investigating industry-specific influencing factors remain relatively scarce. (3) Overcoming challenges associated with cross-boundary measurements, comprehensive effects, and policy applications is imperative in carbon footprint research. (4) Significantly disparate levels of carbon emission efficiency prevail across distinct regions or industries, with intricacies characterizing the influencing factors and a notable dearth of micro-level investigations. (5) The analysis of carbon emission differentials primarily encompasses regional disparities, industrial differentials, and temporal variations, lacking sustained tracking studies on the nuances of carbon emission disparities.

Spatial panel models of inter-provincial carbon emissions impact factors were established based on STIRPAT model in China. A spatial autocorrelation test of carbon emissions of each province in China from 1997 to 2007 had been done. Then, a spatial panel analysis of carbon emissions impact factors including total population, per capita GDP, and energy intensity was done. Conclusion: the activities of interprovincial carbon emissions are significantly positive correlated. Population, per capita GDP and energy intensity are highly significant effect on carbon emissions.

Real-time carbon emission monitoring in prefabricated construction

The carbon dioxide is the major component of greenhouse gas in energy consumption. Because of different energy varieties and consumption patterns carbon emissions are different. Therefore, the estimate of carbon emissions should be calculated one by one according to different energy variety which bases on the clear range of energy consumption counting. In accordance with the carbon emission factors recommended by IPCC, this article uses one-by-one calculation method to sum the carbon emissions in Jinan City since 1990. Then the total carbon emissions, carbon emissions per capita, carbon emission intensity and sub-sectors carbon emissions were compared respectively.

On December 19, 2017, the national development and reform commission issued the national carbon emissions trading market construction plan (power generation industry), which officially launched the construction process of the carbon emissions trading market. The plan promotes a phased advance in carbon market construction, taking the power industry with a large carbon footprint as a breakthrough, so it is extremely urgent for power generation plants to master their carbon emissions. Taking a coal power plant as an example, the paper introduces the calculation process of carbon emissions, and comes to the fuel activity level, fuel emissions factor and carbon emissions data of the power plant. Power plants can master their carbon emissions according to this paper, increase knowledge in the field of carbon reserves, and make the plant be familiar with calculation method based on the power industry carbon emissions data, which can help power plants positioning accurately in the upcoming carbon emissions trading market.

Analysis of carbon emission, carbon displacement and heterogeneity of Guangdong power industry