Carbon Dioxide Sequestration by Aqueous Mineral Carbonation of Magnesium Silicate Minerals

In the immiscible displacement of oil by carbon dioxide gas, the solubility and diffusivity of carbon dioxide are important factors that determine the efficiency of the process, because an increase in the carbon dioxide solubility and diffusivity into oil leads to an increase in oil recovery. It is shown by experimental studies that the solubility and diffusivity of carbon dioxide into oil are governed by the saturation pressure, reservoir temperature, composition of the oil and purity of the gas. The solubility and diffusivity of carbon dioxide into Aberfeldy heavy oil were measured, using impure carbon dioxide gas containing nitrogen as the main contaminant gas. It was noted that increasing the concentration of nitrogen in the carbon dioxide stream decreased the solubility and diffusivity of carbon dioxide in oil, consequently leading to a reduction in the swelling of the oil by carbon dioxide. Displacement experiments were also conducted to observe the effect of using impure carbon dioxide in place of pure carbon dioxide in the immiscible displacement WAG process. It was noted that the presence of nitrogen in carbon dioxide adversely affected oil recovery by the process and that increasing the nitrogen concentration up to 30 mole% could result in 10% loss in oil recovery. Introduction The solubility of carbon dioxide is the most important effect in the immiscible displacement of oil by carbon dioxide gas since it was found by Rojas(1) that among other mechanisms, an increase in the carbon dioxide solubility in oil leads to an increase in oil recovery. This is true because the solubility of carbon dioxide greatly reduces the viscosity of the oil and promotes the swelling of the oil. Viscosity reduction and swelling of the oil lower the water-oil mobility ratio, consequently leading to an increased oil recovery. Early work in 1926 by Beecher and Parkhurst(2) showed that carbon dioxide was more soluble on a molar basis in a 30.2 °API oil than air and natural gas. Svreck and Mehrota's data(3) for carbon dioxide, methane and nitrogen showed that and Mehrotra's data(3), carbon dioxide is the most soluble and nitrogen the least soluble in bitumen. The solubility of carbon dioxide in oil is governed by the saturation pressure, reservoir temperature, composition of the oil and purity of the gas. Miller and Jones(4) and Chung, Jones, and Nguyen(5) measured the solubility of carbon dioxide in Canyon and Wilmington heavy oils and found that the solubility of carbon dioxide in heavy crude oils increased with pressure but decreased with temperature and reduced API gravity. Briggs and Puttagunta(6) reported sets of data for carbon dioxide solubility in Aberfeldy oil and swelling of oil at 20.6 °C. Their data showed that both carbon dioxide solubility and oil swelling increased when pressure increased. Later, Sayegh and Sarbar(7) established that carbon dioxide is more soluble in oil at lower temperatures than at higher ones.

Effect of Nitrogen On the Solubility And Diffusivity of Carbon Dioxide Into Oil And Oil Recovery By the Immiscible WAG Process T.A. Nguyen; T.A. Nguyen Petroleum Recovery Institute Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar S.M. Farouq Ali S.M. Farouq Ali Petroleum Recovery Institute Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Paper presented at the Annual Technical Meeting, Calgary, Alberta, June 1995. Paper Number: PETSOC-95-64 https://doi.org/10.2118/95-64 Published: June 06 1995 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Get Permissions Search Site Citation Nguyen, T.A., and S.M. Farouq Ali. "Effect of Nitrogen On the Solubility And Diffusivity of Carbon Dioxide Into Oil And Oil Recovery By the Immiscible WAG Process." Paper presented at the Annual Technical Meeting, Calgary, Alberta, June 1995. doi: https://doi.org/10.2118/95-64 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex Search nav search search input Search input auto suggest search filter All ContentAll ProceedingsPetroleum Society of CanadaPETSOC Annual Technical Meeting Search Advanced Search AbstractIn the immiscible displacement of oil by carbon dioxide gas, the solution and diffusion of carbon dioxide are important factors that determine the efficiency of the process, since an increase in the carbon dioxide solubility and diffusivity into oil leads to an increase in oil recovery because the oil phase left behind contains more carbon dioxide and less oil. It is shown by experimental studies that the solubility and diffusivity of carbon dioxide into oil are governed by the saturation pressure, reservoir temperature I composition of the oil and purity of the gas. The solubility and diffusivity of carbon dioxide into Aberfeldy heavy oil were measured, using impure carbon dioxide gas containing nitrogen as the main ontaminant gas. It was noted that increasing the concentration of nitrogen in the carbon dioxide stream ecreased the solubility and. diffusivity of carbon dioxide into oil, consequently leading to a reduction in the swelling oil of by carbon dioxide.Displacement experiments were also conducted to observe the effect of using impure carbon dioxide in place of pure carbon dioxide in the immiscible displacement WAG process. It was noted that the presence of nitrogen in carbon dioxide adversely affected oil recovery by the process and that increasing the nitrogen concentration up to 30 mole% could result in 10% loss in oil recovery.IntroductionThe solubility of carbon dioxide is the most important effect in the immiscible displacement of oil by carbon dioxide gas since it is theorized that among other mechanisms, an increase in the carbon dioxide solubility in oil leads to an increase in oil recovery because the oil phase left behind contains more carbon dioxide and less oil.Early work in 1926 by Beecher and Parkhurst1 showed that carbon dioxide was more soluble on a molar basis in a 30.2 °API oil than air and natural gas. Svreck and Mehrotra's data2 also showed that, among the three gases: carbon dioxide methane, and nitrogen, carbon dioxide is the most soluble and nitrogen the least soluble in bitumen.The solubility of carbon dioxide in oil is governed by the saturation pressure, reservoir temperature, composition of the oil and purity of the gas. Miller and Jones3 and Chung, Jones, and Nguyen4 measured the solubility of carbon dioxide n Canyon and Wilmington heavy oils and found that the solubility of carbon dioxide in heavy crude oils increased with pressure but decreased with temperature and reduced API gravity. Later, Sayegh and Sarbar5 established that carbon dioxide is more soluble in oil at lower temperatures than at higher ones. Patton, Coats, and Spence6, Holm and Josendal7, and Chung et al4 showed that the solubility of carbon dioxide reduced with me presence of methane in oil since carbon dioxide had to displace methane before dissolving in oil Holm and Josendal7 also mentioned that carbon dioxide did not displace all of the methane when it came into contact with oil. Spivak and Chima noted that the solubility of pure carbon dioxide in oil was higher than that of a carbon dioxide-nitrogen mixture. Keywords: upstream oil & gas, dioxide, petroleum society, experiment, oil recovery, pvt measurement, carbon dioxide, carbon dioxide solubility, nitrogen, carbon dioride Subjects: Fluid Characterization, Improved and Enhanced Recovery, Phase behavior and PVT measurements This content is only available via PDF. 1995. Petroleum Society of Canada You can access this article if you purchase or spend a download.

There is now a dire demand for negative emissions technologies (which sequester CO2 from the atmosphere) that can be rapidly deployed, are scalable, and are demonstrably safe and effective. Enhanced weathering of silicate minerals has demonstrated a significant potential for CO2 capture and sequestration by the formation of pedogenic carbonates in soils, subsoils, and sediments. This technique has also been shown to deliver fruitful results in terms of improving soil health, and in turn plant health, through remineralization. The silicate minerals that possess the highest weathering rates (e.g., wollastonite), are relatively rare in nature, whereas the abundant ones (e.g., anorthite and forsterite) have a slower pace of weathering, especially in colder and drier climates such as found in the extensive agricultural lands of Western Canada and the Western United States. Herein, we offer a perspective on the opportunities for computational studies targeting atomic-scale interaction of CO2 with silicates and synthesis of fast-weathering silicates (such as larnite and bredigite), whose composition can be tuned to also support soil fertilization and remineralization, and whose production must be integrated with green and carbon-neutral technologies to ensure net-negative life cycle emissions.

Chapter 6 - Eliminating CO2 Emissions from Coal-Fired Power Plants

Characteristics of the large-scale circulation during episodes with high and low concentrations of carbon dioxide and air pollutants at an arctic monitoring site in winter

To quantify the greenhouse gas emissions from rivers and lakes, environmental conditions, water qualities, carbon dioxide and methane emissions were determined in the up-, mid- and down-stream areas of Kaoping River and Chenching Lake. Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations were 292-430, 295-453, 328-476 and 302- 449 ppm, respectively, and atmospheric methane concentrations were 1.70-2.09, 1.71-3.10, 1.70-2.86 and 1.18- 3.60 ppm, respectively. By using the headspace method with brown color bottle, carbon dioxide concentrations were determined as 198-5,437, 1,077-8,584, 3,977-10,839 and 1,537-9,902 ppm, respectively, and methane concentrations fell into the range of 2.8-231.0, 38.9-881.2, 75.3-983.1 and 31.5-4,321.5 ppm, respectively. By using the static-chamber method, carbon dioxide emission rates were -51.3-209.3, -9.6-232.4, -25.7-265.8 and -155.9-217.1 mg m^(-2) h^(-1), respectively, and methane emission rates were 0.05-1.52, 0.05-4.50, 0.26-6.12 and 0.02- 2.68 mg m^(-2) h^(-1), respectively. There is a positive correlation between methane concentration with the headspace method and emission rate with the static-chamber method. Methane emission was very significantly negativelycorrelated with dissolved oxygen (DO), significantly negatively-covrelatived with redox potential (Eh), and very significantly positively-correlated with methane concentration, carbon dioxide concentration using the head-space method, total alkalinity (ALK), and conductivity (CD) in the tested river. Carbon dioxide emission in the tested river had positive correlation with methane concentration by the head-space method. Methane emission in the test lake had very significantly positive correlation with alkalinity (ALK), significantly positive correlation with redox potential (Eh), biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD). The annual carbon flows from Kaoping River into ocean from 2003 to 2007 were estimated between 3.7 × 10^5 and 1.7 × 10^6 tons.

Methane hydrate exists in huge amounts in certain locations, in sea sediments and the geological structures below them, at low temperature and high pressure. Production methods are in development to produce the methane to a floating platform. There it can be reformed to produce hydrogen and carbon dioxide, in an endothermic process. Some of the methane can be burned to provide heat energy to develop all needed power on the platform and to support the reforming process. After separation, the hydrogen is the valuable and transportable product. All carbon dioxide produced on the platform can be separated from other gases and then sequestered in the sea as carbon dioxide hydrate. In this way, hydrogen is made available without the release of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, and the hydrogen could be an enabling step toward a world hydrogen economy.

Climate change has become increasingly important in recent years. It is the outcome of the burning of fossil fuels that increased the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO), over the last century. Mitigating the impacts of climate change requires a better understanding and assessment of the countries' economic decisions on the amount of CO emissions. This paper assesses the variability between the different countries in the trends of CO emissions and electricity consumption from 1975 to 2014, while identifying clusters of countries of similar trends over time. The novel methodology applied in this paper enables us to assess long-debated issues in climate literature. The temporal dynamic effects of electricity consumption and economic growth on CO emissions across countries are studied using functional data analysis (FDA) methods. The latter have proven to be useful tools for visualising similarities and differences in the non-linear trends of CO emissions without forcing linear trends and stationary relationships which can be unrealistic and misleading. The results indicate the possibility of identifying changes in the trends of CO emissions and electricity consumption for a wide range of heterogeneous countries over the study period. The findings also reveal that economic growth puts a strain on the environment, where many high-income countries are still away from attaining economic-energy sustainability.

Integrated Experimental and Modeling Studies of Mineral Carbonation as a Mechanism for Permanent Carbon Sequestration in Mafic/Ultramafic Rocks

The world has focused on carbon mitigation as the only solution for climate change. This discussion paper considers how marine biodiversity regulates the climate, and the factors that control marine biodiversity. The main Greenhouse Gas (GHG) is water vapor, which accounts for 75% of all GHGs; the second most important is carbon dioxide, followed by methane and particulates such as black carbon (BC) soot. The concentration of water vapor in the atmosphere is regulated by air temperature; warmer conditions lead to higher evaporation, which in turn increases the concentration of water vapor, the Clausius-Clapeyron relation. This means that as the oceans and atmosphere warm, a self-reinforcing feedback loop accelerates the evaporation process to cause further warming. It is not considered possible to directly regulate atmospheric water vapor. This explains why climate change mitigation strategies have focussed primarily on reducing carbon dioxide emissions as the means to reduce water vapor. This report concludes that the current climate change mitigation strategy will not work on its own because it depends on decreasing the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide and on the assumption that water vapor is only regulated by temperature. 71% of planet Earth is covered by an ocean that has a surface microlayer (SML) between 1 µm and 1000µm deep, composed of lipids and surfactants produced by marine phytoplankton. This SML layer is known to promote the formation of aerosols and clouds; it also reduces the escape of water molecules and slows the transfer of thermal energy to the atmosphere. The concentration of water vapor is increasing in our atmosphere, and 100% of this increase is evaporation from the ocean surface; water vapour from land systems is decreasing. This means that the oceans are almost entirely responsible for climate change. The SML layer attracts toxic forever, lipophilic chemicals, microplastics and hydrophobic black carbon soot from the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels. Concentrations of toxic chemicals are 500 times higher in this SML layer than in the underlying water. Toxic forever chemicals combined with submicron and microplastic particles and black carbon particulates are known to be toxic to plankton. Marine primary productivity or phytoplankton photosynthesis may have declined by as much as 50% since the 1950s. Reduced phytoplankton plant growth equates to a degraded SML membrane, reduced carbon assimilation, and higher concentrations of dissolved carbon dioxide in ocean surface water, which accelerates the decline in ocean pH. The key phytoplankton species responsible for the production of the SML layer are the first to suffer from pH decline, a process called “ocean acidification”. Ocean acidification will lead to a regime shift away from the key carbonate-based species and diatoms below pH 7.95 which will be reached by 2045. The SML layer will decrease, allowing evaporation and atmospheric water vapor concentrations to increase. A reduced SML layer will lead to fewer aerosols, cloud formation and precipitation, as well as increased humidity and temperature. When clouds form under these conditions, the higher humidity will cause torrential downpours and flooding. The result could be catastrophic climate change, even if we achieve net zero by 2050. In parallel, ocean acidification and the collapse of the marine ecosystem could also lead to the loss of most seals, birds, whales, fish, and food supply for 3 billion people.

Utilization of CO2 for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and sequestration processes not only reduces greenhouse emissions, but also awards economic benefits. Enhancing oil recovery using sequestration is an optimization process that requires careful analysis. In CO2 EOR, the main purpose is to maximize oil recovery using the minimum quantity of CO2, while at the same time, sequestering the maximum amount of CO2 in the field. The Kartaltepe Field, having 32 ºAPI gravity oil in a carbonate formation, in southeast Turkey has been considered in this study. Reservoir rock and fluid data were evaluated and merged into CMG's STARS simulator. A history matching study was done with production data to verify the results of the simulator with field data. From the results of the simulation runs, it was realized that CO2 injection can be applied to increase oil recovery, but sequestering high amounts of CO2 was found out to be inappropriate for the Kartaltepe Field. Therefore, it was decided to focus on oil recovery while CO2 was sequestered within the reservoir. Oil recovery was about 23% of OOIP for the field in 2006. It reached 43% of OOIP by injecting CO2 after properly defining production and injection scenarios. Introduction Global warming is a term used to describe the observed increases in the average temperature of the Earth's atmosphere and oceans. The average global temperature rose 0.6 ± 0.2 ºC over 150 years, and the scientific opinion on climate change is that it is likely that " most of the warming observed over the 20th century is attributable to human activities."(1,2) Factors that may be contributing to global warming are the burning of coal and petroleum products (sources of anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHG) such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone) and deforestation(3). It is estimated that the global radiative forcing of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) is approximately 60% of the total due to all anthropogenic greenhouse gases so that climate change is mainly driven by emissions of CO2(4). The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was drafted in 1992 by a majority of the world's nations in response to global concern over human-induced climate change. A central, and often controversial, issue in these negotiations has been the use of terrestrial carbon sinks (e.g. forests, agricultural soils) to reduce CO2 emission levels(5). The Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC included provisions for industrialized nations to manage carbon sinks in order to meet specified emissions-reduction targets. Under the Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC, adopted in December 1997, industrialized nations agreed on a target to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions on an average of 6 to 8% below 1990 levels between the years 2008 and 2012(6). Deep ocean and geologic sequestration are the only choices to dispose of large amounts of CO2 safely and economically for long-term periods. Geologic sequestration, a prospective technology to reduce large amounts of CO2 released into the atmosphere, involves the capture of CO2 from hydrocarbon emissions, transportation of compressed CO2 from the source to the field, and injection and storage of CO2 into the subsurface.

38119MetricsTotal Downloads381Last 6 Months33Last 12 Months89Total Citations19Last 6 Months0Last 12 Months0View all metrics

CO2 Capture via Crystalline Hydrogen-Bonded Bicarbonate Dimers

The immiscible carbon dioxide flooding process has considerable potential for the recovery of moderately viscous oils, which are unsuited for the application of thermal recovery techniques. Approximately 95% of Saskatchewan's heavy oil formations are less than 10m thick, and often have an underlying water sand. Under these conditions, thermal methods are inefficient and uneconomical due to excessive vertical heat loss and steam scavenging by the bottom water. This provides the motivation for searching an alternative to thermal recovery techniques for thin, moderately heavy oils. Laboratory research conducted in the 1950s identified several aspects of carbon dioxide flooding such as viscosity reduction, oil swelling, miscibility effects, and solution gas drive. Both laboratory and field studies have been conducted to determine the effectiveness of the carbon dioxide process for heavy oil recovery. This paper concentrates on the laboratory and field studies conducted in the past as well as the future of the immiscible carbon dioxide flooding process for the recovery of heavy oils. Introduction Moderately viscous heavy oils lack the necessary extractable hydrocarbons [C5 - C30 ] for miscible conditions with carbon dioxide to be economically attained. In some cases, moderately light oils [25–35 °API] are displaced immiscibly because the high pressures required to achieve miscibility with carbon dioxide would lead to formation fracturing. This is undesirable in that it leads to gas channeling and early carbon dioxide breakthrough. Both laboratory and field studies have been conducted to determine the effectiveness of the immiscible carbon dioxide process. Laboratory studies are used to determine and optimize the recovery process mechanisms. Field studies, both pilot and conventional, have been conducted in two modes, namely: primary and tertiary. Primary recovery methods have been the most successful to date while tertiary methods have helped greatly in reducing water and gas cuts in late flood life projects1. The objectives of this paper are to give a resume of the dominant mechanisms in the immiscible carbon dioxide displacement process, and to analyze field data in order to develop the minimum criteria for process selection. Transport of Carbon Dioxide in Heavy Oil and Reservoir Water How does the carbon dioxide mix with the reservoir fluids, namely: oil and water? Three mass transfer mechanisms are discussed in this section. Solubility is the most important mechanism of carbon dioxide transport in the reservoir. Diffusion and dispersion also affect, to a lesser extent, the transport of carbon dioxide. The most important property of heavy oil-carbon dioxide, systems is carbon dioxide solubility. "Solubility of one substance in another depends fundamentally upon the ease with which the two: molecular species are able to mix. 2 Klins3 stated: that for low pressure application [<7 MPa), the major effect would be the solubility of carbon dioxide in crude oil. The solubility of pure carbon dioxide in Lloydminster Aberfeldy 115-l7 °API] oil at 5.5 MPa and 20.6 °C is approximately 70 sm3/sm3 of oil. Solubility is a strong function of pressure, and to a lesser degree, temperature and oil composition. Solubility increases with pressure and decreases with temperature and reduced API gravity.

It is important to evaluate the solubility of solid carbon dioxide in liquefied natural gas for natural gas liquefaction at relatively high temperature. The regular solution method and the equations-of-state (EOS) are used to calculate the solubility of carbon dioxide in saturated liquid methane in this paper. The calculation results are compared with the experiment data, and it certifies that the EOS method can be recommended for this kind of solubility calculation. In addition, nitrogen and ethane are common components in natural gas. In this paper, PR EOS is selected to calculate the solubility of carbon dioxide in CH4+N2 and CH4+C2H6 mixtures. Results show that the solubility of carbon dioxide in liquid CH4+N2 mixtures increases with the addition of nitrogen content in the relatively low temperature region (lower than 155K). With the temperature increases, the solubility of carbon dioxide decreases with the increase of nitrogen content. While in liquid CH4+C2H6 mixtures, it increases with the increase of ethane content. liquid nitrogen, liquid oxygen or LNG. In 1940, Fedorova calculated the solubility of carbon dioxide in liquid oxygen and in liquid nitrogen according to ideal solution theory. At the same time, he did some experiments and found that the theoretical calculations are more than 100 times larger than the experimental values(7). In 1962, Davis et al performed a series of experiments on the methane-carbon dioxide system and got the solubility of carbon dioxide in methane at different temperatures(8). Most of these researchers are experts in the field of chemistry, who were focus on a variety of experimental methods of solubility determination. Li from Zhejiang University used the regular solution method and modified Scatchard-Hildebrand relation in her PhD thesis to calculate the solubility of carbon dioxide in liquid nitrogen and liquid oxygen, and obtained good results(9). As liquid methane is a cryogenic non-polar liquid similar with liquid nitrogen and liquid oxygen, similar method has been imitated in the calculation of the solubility of carbon dioxide in the saturated liquid methane in this paper. Additionally, simple cubic equations-of-state has been widely used in non-polar fluid phase equilibria calculations. In 2006, ZareNezhad and Eggeman(10) used PR EOS to predict CO2 freezing points of hydrocarbon liquid and vapor mixtures at cryogenic conditions of gas plants. The overall average absolute relative deviation between the experimental and predicted CO2 freezing temperatures for this binary system is 0.26%. So EOS method is selected for the solid-liquid phase equilibria calculation in this paper.