Abstract
This study aims to assess the impact of domestic consumption and renewable energy on environmental pollutants, with national income (GDP) included as a control variable. Employing the auto-regressive distributed lag (ARDL) econometric technique, the analysis spans time series data from 1990 to 2020. The bound F-test and Johansen cointegration tests validate that domestic consumption substantially contributes to environmental pollution. By addressing existing gaps in knowledge, this research provides valuable insights for shaping sustainable energy policies tailored to the unique circumstances of Malaysia.
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