Carbon Calculation and Differentiation of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Industry Based on Input-output Analyses

The dramatic changes in land use caused by human economic activities have a profound impact on carbon emissions and ecosystem service value （ESV）. In order to explore the evolution characteristics of carbon emissions and ESV on the spatial and temporal scales， based on the land use data of the Yellow River Basin from 2000 to 2020， this study used spatial autocorrelation and multivariate Logit regression models to study the spatial and temporal characteristics and spatial correlation of total carbon emissions and ESV in counties of the Yellow River Basin， then to explore the influencing factors of spatial correlation. The research findings were as follows： ① In the past 20 years， the total amount of land use carbon emissions in the basin has shown an overall growth trend， and the increasing counties were concentrated in energy-rich areas such as Inner Mongolia， Ningxia， and northern Shaanxi. The total amount of ESV increased first and then decreased， and the high value counties were mainly distributed on the edge of the Yellow River Basin， among which Qumalai County in Qinghai Province had the most ESV. The low value counties of ESV were mainly located in the economically active urban agglomerations such as the Shandong Peninsula Region， Central Plains Region， Guanzhong Plains Region， and cities along the yellow river in Ningxia. The lowest value of ESV has always been located in Xi'an. ② There was a spatial negative correlation between total carbon emissions and total ESV. The number of counties with high carbon emissions and high ESV has been increasing， mainly distributed in southern Inner Mongolia， eastern Ningxia， and northern Shaanxi， which was related to the location near the Yellow River and energy development. The double low type was mainly located in the gully area of the Loess Plateau， which is connected to the strip from the east and west. The low-high class was contiguously distributed in Qinghai， Sichuan， and western Gansu， and some were island-like distributed around the double-low class. The number of high-low classes was increasing year by year， mainly located in the core city area. ③ In low ESV counties， regions with better economic development and higher population were more likely to increase their carbon emissions. Taking the low carbon emissions from land use as a reference， the per capita GDP， energy use efficiency， and rainfall were significantly negatively correlated with the high-high and high-low categories. This indicates that most counties with high carbon emissions had relatively dense populations and less rainfall， resulting in higher energy dependence. Additionally， there was a positive correlation between low-high class areas and total population. When located in areas with low land use carbon emissions， areas with higher ESV values tended to have more a concentrated population distribution. The increase in land reclamation rate may encroach on forests and grasslands that can provide higher ecosystem services， reducing the value of regional ecosystem services. The research findings have certain reference significance for ecological protection and high-quality development decision-making in the Yellow River Basin.

Clarifying carbon and nitrogen emissions of different peanut rotation planting system can provide an effective reference to achieve high yield, high efficiency, and low carbon and nitrogen emissions. Based on field surveys on agricultural inputs and field managements, we calculated the carbon footprint and nitrogen footprint of three planting modes (rape-peanut rotation, wheat-peanut rotation and peanut monoculture) in Huanggang, Hubei Province. The results showed that compared with wheat-peanut rotation, carbon emission per unit area of rape-peanut rotation decreased by 7.8%, carbon emission per unit net present value decreased by 36.9%, the nitrogen emission per unit area decreased by 12.5%, and nitrogen emission per unit net present value decreased by 41.9%. Compared with peanut monoculture, rape-peanut rotation reduced carbon and nitrogen emissions by 19.6% and 30.8%, respectively. The net income of rape-peanut rotation was 1.4 times as that of wheat-peanut rotation and 2.4 times as that of peanut monoculture. It is suggested that rape-peanut rotation could achieve the synergistic benefits of high yield and efficiency and low carbon and nitrogen emissions, which is conducive to the green, high quality, and high efficiency production of oil crops.

Methane emissions along biomethane and biogas supply chains are underestimated

Orthopaedic surgery is culpable, in part, for the excessive carbon emissions in health care partly due to the utilization of disposable instrumentation in most procedures, such as rotator cuff repair (RCR). To address growing concerns about hospital waste, some have considered replacing disposable instrumentation with reusable instrumentation. The purpose of this study was to estimate the cost and carbon footprint of waste disposal of RCR kits that use disposable instrumentation compared with reusable instrumentation. The mass of the necessary materials and their packaging to complete a four-anchor RCR from four medical device companies that use disposable instrumentation and one that uses reusable instrumentation were recorded. Using the cost of medical waste disposal at our institution ($0.14 per kilogram) and reported values from the literature for carbon emissions produced from the low-temperature incineration of noninfectious waste (249 kgCO 2 e/t) and infectious waste (569 kgCO 2 e/t), we estimated the waste management cost and carbon footprint of waste disposal produced per RCR kit. The disposable systems of four commercial medical device companies had 783%, 570%, 1,051%, and 478%, respectively, greater mass and waste costs when compared with the reusable system. The cost of waste disposal for the reusable instrumentation system costs on average $0.14 less than the disposable instrumentation systems. The estimated contribution to the overall carbon footprint produced from the disposal of a RCR kit that uses reusable instrumentation was on average 0.37 kg CO2e less than the disposable instrumentation systems. According to our analysis, reusable instrumentation in four-anchor RCR leads to decreased waste and waste disposal costs and lower carbon emissions from waste disposal. Additional research should be done to assess the net benefit reusable systems may have on hospitals and the effect this may have on a long-term decrease in carbon footprint. Level II.

This paper constructs the ZSG-SBM model, comprehensive fairness allocation model, and balance allocation model from the perspectives of efficiency, fairness, and balance. Making use of the actual input-output data of China's provincial economic system in 2019, and the above three models to study the reasonable scheme of China's provincial carbon emission quota allocation in 2019. The results show that ZSG efficiency allocation can significantly improve the carbon emission efficiency of inefficient provinces, and the carbon emissions of inefficient provinces after allocation reach the efficiency frontier. The carbon emission quota of 16 provinces which located in the central and western regions of China with underdeveloped economy and relatively low carbon emission efficiency need to be decreased, while the eastern coastal provinces with more developed economy and high carbon emission efficiency in China should increase their carbon emission quota. On the one hand, comprehensive fairness allocation reduces the carbon emission reduction target constraints of economically underdeveloped provinces; on the other hand, it strengthens the carbon emission reduction target constraints of low-carbon technology backward provinces. As a result, the carbon emission quota of economically developed provinces and provinces with high carbon intensity per unit GDP is reduced in this method. The result of balancing efficiency and fairness lies between ZSG efficiency allocation and comprehensive fairness allocation. In order to alleviate the huge pressure on the emission reduction of provinces with low actual carbon emission efficiency under the ZSG efficiency allocation mode, the Chinese government can gradually increase the weight of ZSG efficiency allocation results, and finally adopt a complete ZSG efficiency allocation scheme in the carbon peak year to realize the transformation of low-carbon economy.

Urbanisation can cause a variety of environmental and health issues, which has prompted experts to evaluate degraded areas and develop management strategies aimed at promoting urban sustainability and reducing carbon emissions. In low-carbon cities, sustainable urban areas have low carbon emission and prioritised carbon reduction by implementing sustainable transportation, green infrastructure, and energy-efficient buildings. On the other hand, unsustainable urban areas tend to lack these priorities and rely heavily on non-renewable energy sources and have high carbon emission. Therefore, this study aims to identify the most sustainable and unsustainable regions in the Abha-Khamis Mushayet Twin City region of Saudi Arabia in respect to urbanisation and carbon emission during the period between 1990 and 2020. To do so, we used Landsat datasets to create land use land cover (LULC) maps and then calculated carbon storage, emission, and absorption using InVest software. Additionally, the study examined micro-climatic conditions by calculating the urban heat island (UHI) effect, which allowed determining sustainable and unsustainable regions by comparing the UHI model and carbon similarity and mismatch model using coupling coordination degree model (CCDM). The study found that during the last three decades, the LULC pattern of the region underwent significant alterations, resulting in a substantial decline in carbon storage from 710,425 Mg C/hm2 in 1990 to approximately 527,012.9 Mg C/hm2 in 2020. Conversely, carbon emissions were observed to be very high in areas with high built-up density, with emission levels exceeding 20 tons per annum. Whilst the areas of excess carbon have decreased significantly, the areas of excess carbon emission have increased over time, resulting in the UHI effect due to high greenhouse gases. By comparing the UHI and carbon similarity and mismatch model, the researchers found that over 280 km2 of the study area is unsustainable and has increased since 1990. In contrast, only about 410 km2 of the study area is currently sustainable. To promote sustainability, the study recommends several strategies such as carbon capture, utilisation, and storage; green infrastructure; and the use of renewable energy to manage carbon emissions.

A process parameters optimization method of multi-pass dry milling for high efficiency, low energy and low carbon emissions

Carbon emission scenario simulation and policy regulation in resource-based provinces based on system dynamics modeling

The Energy-conservation and Emission-reduction Paths of Industrial sectors: Evidence from Chinas 35 industrial sectors

Public Policy Focus - Cap & Trade: What it is and how it affects the oil industry and you. Beginning with this edition, TWA is adding a section titled Public Policy Focus. Articles herein will explore, in the broadest sense, the interactions between governments and oil and gas companies. Topics may include legislation; concessions made by national governments to companies for E&P activities; other national-government actions that affect oil and gas companies; and global initiatives, including climate-change and other environmental policies. Articles will explain the details of the policies under discussion and examine the impacts on the industry. The environment has been at the forefront of global public policy debate for years. Many oil companies support government action to protect the environment, and these same companies have adopted stringent environmental policies of their own. At the same time, the petroleum industry has also been vocal in its concern that environmental laws—chiefly those that would limit carbon emissions—treat the industry unfairly and could detrimentally affect their competitive edge in the global economy. So how will carbon-limiting laws affect oil companies and you? Emissions-trading schemes, popularly known as cap-and-trade programs, have two primary parts. The cap refers to limiting, or capping, the total amount of carbon dioxide emissions. This is accomplished through the issuance of emissions credits, or carbon credits, which are permits to emit a certain amount of CO2. For each carbon credit a company possesses, the company is allowed to emit 1 ton of CO2. The trade part of the program refers to the ability of companies to buy and sell carbon credits in an open market, thus allowing “cleaner” companies, those which have lower carbon emissions, to sell unused carbon credits to “dirtier” companies. The credits sold are a revenue stream to the cleaner companies and a cost stream to the dirtier companies that buy them. Thus, the goal of cap and trade is to provide a powerful economic incentive to all industries to lower total carbon emissions.

Low carbon pathway and life cycle assessment of ammonia co-firing in coal power plants under the context of carbon neutrality

CO2 is being emitted throughout a product’s life cycle, i.e., during the material acquisition and extraction, materials transportation, product manufacturing and disposal. Strategies such as product path selection, supply chain planning, product reuse and recycling, fuel switching, conversion of waste to energy and carbon sequestration can contribute to carbon emission minimisation at the different stages of a product’s life cycle. A Carbon Supply Chain Product Curve (CSCPC), and an extended Systematic Hierarchical Approach for Resilient Process Screening (SHARPS) are proposed to evaluate a product CO2 emission throughout its supply chain and to select the suitable, and economically viable CO2 minimisation strategies. The proposed method has been tested to plan and design a low carbon palm cooking oil. Palm oil milling is determined as the major emission contributor in the palm cooking oil life cycle. High CO2 reduction technologies require more investment and are less profitable. By using the CSCPC-SHARPS tool, CO2 reduction can be a cost-effective, and result in low carbon emission. Application of the approach on a case study shows a potential reduction of 70.8 % carbon emissions as compared to the conventional palm oil supply chain carbon emission.

Research on low-carbon campus based on ecological footprint evaluation and machine learning: A case study in China

<p indent="0mm">The vision of attaining a carbon dioxide emission peak and achieving carbon neutrality guides the transition to a low-carbon economic system in China. Meeting with the tight time and heavy task, new low-carbon industrial routes must be developed independently. With mild environment and low carbon emissions, the biological manufacturing process can be developed as an important technical and industrial direction for the goal of “carbon neutrality”. However, most biological manufacturing processes also emit carbon dioxide. Though many efforts have been made in the past thirty years to improve the production efficiency of some biological manufacturing processes, most achievements are obtained at improving the titer or productivity of target products. Relatively, the product yield was hardly increased due to the limitation of maximum theoretical yield. Low product yield not only leads to higher consumption of raw materials, but also means higher carbon emission during the production process. Innovative ideas and technologies are required to develop low carbon emission routes. From the perspective of the “reduction degree” matching of carbon atoms between target products and raw materials, we analyzed the restriction of redox imbalance for the biosynthesis of target products, and expounded the importance of redox balance regulation on microbial synthesis in this review. To create new chemicals biosynthesis techniques, it is necessary to engineer the biosynthetic pathways as well as the intracellular redox balance and reducing power availability, especially for raw materials with low reduction degree such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and formic acid. Net input of reducing power and/or energy is required for the bioconversion of these materials to biomass or other organic compounds. Designing and creating a bio-manufacturing route with redox balance has emerged as a critical issue and pressing task to develop efficient biological pathways, and to improve the carbon conversion yield. Therefore, this article summarized the latest important progresses in developing biological cell factories from the perspective of redox balance engineering. For the biosynthesis of target products with a high reduction degree, reduction power NAD(P)H obtained from substrate metabolism might be insufficient. Several strategies have been reported to improve the availability of intracellular NAD(P)H, such as improving the competitiveness of target biosynthesis pathway in terms of reduction power by blocking the byproduct pathway and/or strengthening the target product synthesis pathway. Introducing NAD(P)H regeneration module, modifying the cofactor preference of oxidoreductase, and strengthening the intracellular conversion of different types of cofactors, are also useful strategies to reconstruct the target metabolic pathway of redox balance. As well, cheap substrates with higher reduction degree could be used to improve the oxidation-reduction compatibility with the target product. Relatively, for the biosynthesis of target products with low reduction degree, introducing NADH or NADPH oxidase was proved to be necessary to promote NAD(P)H-NAD(P) cycle and to maintain intracellular redox balance. Alternatively, designing a redox balanced pathway can contribute to converting an aerobic fermentation process to anaerobic process, which might benefit for product yield and low carbon emission. In recent years, some electro-fermentation processes have been developed to promote intracellular redox balance and target product synthesis. In these processes, the electron transfer channel between cell and electrode was established using specific microbial electron transmembrane transfer systems. It would contribute to construct a redox balanced metabolic pathway, and to improve the product yield. These important progresses indicated the importance of redox regulation for improving the yield of target products in the low-carbon biosynthesis process. However, there are still some unresolved issues and challenges in the development of low-carbon bio-manufacturing techniques, which were also discussed in this article.

Pengerang, Johor, Malaysia is to become at global centre of integrated petrochemical refinery industry under the Malaysia’s National Key Economic Area (NKEA) and will become the largest regional petroleum refinery and trading hub in South East Asia. In line with the national aims towards carbon neutrality, Pengerang is set to achieve as much as 50 % carbon emission reduction towards its Clean, Green, Safe and Smart Pengerang vision by 2030. This paper is performed based on the baseline results of the energy supply and demand scenario in Pengerang from base year 2010 until targeted year of 2030. The scenario is modelled using the Extended Snapshot (ExSS) tool by using the Kaya Identity equation (human population, Gross Domestic Products (GDP) per capita and energy intensity). The data assumption for the model is based on best practice low carbon emissions port city such as Rotterdam. The model estimates about 691 % carbon emission increment from 2010 to 2030 without low carbon emissions countermeasures (CM) in Pengerang, due to expected rapid development lead by the petroleum refining and petrochemical industries in the area. Future renewable energy supply (e.g. biomass, biogas, solar) and demand is plugged into the model to portray the low carbon emissions scenario that Pengerang could establish by 2030. This paper concludes, Pengerang can potentially achieve as much as 50 % carbon emission reduction in 2030 CM scenario, through increased energy efficiency of industries and alternative energy resources application.