Caracterização do Mismatch Negativity em crianças, adolescentes e adultos jovens

Auditory event-related potentials (ERPs) have consistently been used in the investigation of auditory and cognitive processing in the research and clinical laboratories. There is currently no consensus on the choice of appropriate reference for auditory ERPs. The most commonly used references in auditory ERP research are the mathematically linked-mastoids (LM) and average referencing (AVG). Since LM and AVG referencing procedures do not solve the issue of electrically-neutral reference, Reference Electrode Standardization Technique (REST) was developed to create a neutral reference for EEG recordings. The aim of the current research is to compare the influence of the reference on amplitude and latency of auditory mismatch negativity (MMN) as a function of magnitude of frequency deviance across three commonly used electrode montages (16, 32, and 64-channel) using REST, LM, and AVG reference procedures. The current study was designed to determine if the three reference methods capture the variation in amplitude and latency of MMN with the deviance magnitude. We recorded MMN from 12 normal hearing young adults in an auditory oddball paradigm with 1,000 Hz pure tone as standard and 1,030, 1,100, and 1,200 Hz as small, medium and large frequency deviants, respectively. The EEG data recorded to these sounds was re-referenced using REST, LM, and AVG methods across 16-, 32-, and 64-channel EEG electrode montages. Results revealed that while the latency of MMN decreased with increment in frequency of deviant sounds, no effect of frequency deviance was present for amplitude of MMN. There was no effect of referencing procedure on the experimental effect tested. The amplitude of MMN was largest when the ERP was computed using LM referencing and the REST referencing produced the largest amplitude of MMN for 64-channel montage. There was no effect of electrode-montage on AVG referencing induced ERPs. Contrary to our predictions, the results suggest that the auditory MMN elicited as a function of increments in frequency deviance does not depend on the choice of referencing procedure. The results also suggest that auditory ERPs generated using REST referencing is contingent on the electrode arrays more than the AVG referencing.

We report here our studied on the influence of the lexical frequency of Russian words on the latency and amplitude of mismatch negativity (MMN) in auditory event-related potentials (ERP). ERP were recorded in a multideviant oddball paradigm by presenting different-frequency Russian words and pseudowords. These experiments showed that the pattern of intrinsic MMN differed significantly between words with different lexical frequencies (p = 0.001) – the higher the frequency, the greater the amplitude and the shorter the latent period of the intrinsic MMN of the words. It is suggested that the greater amplitude and shorter latency of MMN for high-frequency words as compared with the pattern of MMN for low-frequency words is due to activation of memory traces for these words, these being stored in the cerebral cortex as distributed neuron populations. The suggestion that there is superfast access to lexical information during speech perception is confirmed, with access being possible 100–200 msec after presentation of a word. The ratio of MMN amplitudes for different pseudowords was somewhat reminiscent of data on MMN for words (analogs of high-frequency words produced higher-amplitude responses, while analogs of low-frequency words produced weaker responses, with no significant difference between low- and intermediate-frequency analogs), though MMN amplitudes for pseudowords were significantly greater and latent periods were significantly longer. Increases in the amplitude and latency of MMN to pseudowords as compared with MMN to words is associated with later and uncertain recognition of rarely encountered low-frequency words and completely unfamiliar stimuli, which are later classified as signals of a different category.

ObjectiveThe mismatch negativity (MMN) event-related potential is an index of the pre-attentive stage of neural auditory information processing and an electrophysiological signal indicative of the integrity of auditory information processing with regard to the attention deficit symptom of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We investigated the association between the MMN amplitude and latency in frontal brain regions and symptom severity in children with ADHD and subclinical ADHD symptoms.MethodsThis study included 29 children: 16 (10 boys; mean age, 13.06 ± 3.67 years) with ADHD (ADHD group) and 13 (eight boys; mean age, 13.40 ± 3.31 years) with sub-clinical ADHD symptoms (subclinical ADHD group). We performed the following assessments: Korean ADHD rating scale-IV (K-ARS-IV), children depression inventory, state/trait anxiety inventory for children, and MMN (measured at Fz, FCz, Cz, and CPz).ResultsThere were no sex or mean age differences between the groups (c2 = −0.01, p = 0.958; Z = −1.88, p = 0.060, respectively). The ADHD group had a significantly higher mean K-ARS-IV score (26.13 ± 9.56 vs. 17.15 ± 11.73, Z = −2.11, p = 0.035). Significant differences were found according to symptom severity in the MMN amplitude at FCz (Z = −2.11, p = 0.035) and MMN latency at Fz and FCz (Z = −2.48, p = 0.013; Z = −2.57, p = 0.010). The K-ARS-IV, K-ARS inattention subscale, and K-ARS hyperactivity-impulsivity subscale scores in the ADHD group correlated significantly with the MMN amplitude at Cz and CPz.ConclusionThis study found differences in the MMN amplitude and latency according to the severity of ADHD symptoms and identified MMN as a potential adjunct to the diagnosis of ADHD.

ObjectiveChildren with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have difficulties filtering irrelevant information, particularly when faced with competing inputs. These challenges may affect auditory distraction processing, especially under varying demands on visual attention. This study investigated the neural mechanisms underlying auditory distraction processing under these conditions in ADHD.MethodWe recorded electroencephalography (EEG) signals from 51 children with ADHD and 48 typically developing (TD) children during the performance of a visual detection task with simultaneous irrelevant auditory stimuli under varying demands on visual attention.ResultsTD children presented a significant decrease in mismatch negativity (MMN) amplitude with increasing visual attention demands. However, this effect was absent in children with ADHD, who instead exhibited an enhanced P3a response and earlier MMN and P3a latencies in response to auditory changes. Moreover, a shorter MMN latency predicted more severe inattention symptoms, whereas a larger MMN amplitude predicted more severe hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms in children with ADHD. Time-frequency analysis revealed greater frontal theta intertrial phase coherence (ITPC) and power in response to task-irrelevant auditory changes in children with ADHD than in TD children.ConclusionThe absence of attention-demand modulation in MMN amplitude and an increased P3a response indicate atypical auditory distractibility in children with ADHD, with earlier MMN and P3a latencies suggesting excessive sensitivity to auditory distractions. Increased frontal theta ITPC and power reflect stronger neural synchronization and response to auditory distractions. Importantly, MMN amplitude and latency are linked to different aspects of ADHD symptoms. These findings provide new neurophysiological insights into altered auditory distraction processing in children with ADHD.

IntroductionAccurately distinguishing individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) from those with schizophrenia spectrum disorder (SSD) can be challenging, especially in individuals with an at-risk mental state (ARMS) for psychosis. Given the need for objective markers, we focused on mismatch negativity (MMN). This study aimed to determine whether ARMS individuals with ASD traits exhibit different MMN patterns compared to ARMS individuals without such traits and healthy controls.MethodsForty-nine individuals with ARMS and 45 healthy controls were enrolled. The Autism-Spectrum Quotient Japanese Version (AQ-J) was used to assess ASD traits, with a cut-off of 33+ indicating high ASD traits [AQ(+)] and scores below that low ASD traits [AQ(-)]. An electroencephalogram was recorded while the participants heard standard and deviant tones in two auditory oddball paradigms: a duration-deviant (dMMN) and a frequency-deviant (fMMN). MMN amplitude and latency were analyzed at Fz and group differences were compared between patients with ARMS and healthy controls. Further, within the ARMS group, AQ(-) (n = 33) vs. AQ(+) (n = 16) subgroups were examined. Correlation analyses were also performed to explore the relationships between MMN measures and clinical/cognitive indices.ResultsNo significant differences in MMN amplitude or latency were observed between the ARMS group and healthy controls. In contrast, fMMN latency in the AQ (+) group was significantly shorter than that in the AQ(-) group. Within the entire ARMS group, fMMN latency had a significant negative correlation with total AQ-J scores, especially the Communication subscale, i.e., higher ASD traits were associated with shorter fMMN latency.ConclusionThe key finding of this study was that ARMS individuals with higher ASD traits showed a shortened fMMN latency compared to those without. Distinguishing ARMS from ASD based solely on clinical symptoms is sometimes difficult, and using an objective measurement tool such as MMN latency could help identify underlying ASD features and guide more tailored interventions.

Deficient information processing in ADHD theoretically results in sensory overload and may underlie the symptoms of the disorder. Mismatch negativity (MMN) and P3a amplitude reflect an individual's detection and subsequent change in attention to stimulus change in their environment. Our primary aim was to explore MMN and P3a amplitude in adult ADHD patients and to examine the effects of methylphenidate (MPH) on these measures. Forty initially psychostimulant-naïve, adult ADHD patients without comorbid ASD and 42 matched healthy controls (HC) were assessed with an MMN paradigm at baseline. Both groups were retested after 6 weeks, in which patients were treated with MPH. Neither significant group differences in MMN nor P3a amplitude were found at baseline. Although 6-week MPH treatment significantly reduced symptomatology and improved daily functioning of the patients, it did not significantly affect MMN amplitude; however, it did significantly reduce P3a amplitude compared to the HC. Furthermore, more severe ADHD symptoms were significantly associated with larger MMN amplitudes in the patients, both at baseline and follow-up. We found no evidence for early information processing deficits in patients with ADHD, as measured with MMN and P3a amplitude. Six-week treatment with MPH decreased P3a but not MMN amplitude, although more severe ADHD-symptoms were associated with larger MMN amplitudes in the patients. Given that P3a amplitude represents an important attentional process and that glutamate has been linked to both ADHD and MMN amplitude, future research should investigate augmenting MPH treatment of less responsive adults with ADHD with glutamatergic antagonists.

AimCognitive impairment is an important predictor of functional outcome in patients with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, the neurophysiology of ADHD-related cognitive impairments remains unclear. Event-related potentials (ERPs) represent the noninvasive measurement of neural correlates of cognitive function. Mismatch negativity (MMN) is an ERP component that is presumed to index the preattentive monitoring of changes in the auditory environment.Materials and methodsPrevious studies have shown altered MMN amplitude and latency in patients with ADHD. However, little is known about the relationship between MMN and ADHD-symptom severity. To address this, we measured the amplitude and latency of MMN in ERPs and assessed correlations with the clinical severity of ADHD, as measured by the ADHD Rating Scale IV – Japanese version. Participants were 51 treatment-naïve children and adolescents with ADHD (mean age 10.42±3.35 years) and 15 normally developing age- and sex-matched children (mean age 11.8±3.36 years).ResultsIn the ADHD group, MMN amplitudes were attenuated at the central electrode and MMN latencies prolonged at the parietal electrode (Pz) relative to those in the control group. Furthermore, MMN amplitudes at Pz were negatively correlated with ADHD full-scale and hyperactivity–impulsivity and inattention subscale scores, and MMN latency at Pz was positively correlated with ADHD hyperactivity–impulsivity subscale scores.ConclusionOur data suggest that MMN reflects the severity of ADHD symptoms in children and adolescents, and provides support for the use of ERPs in evaluating ADHD symptoms in patients.

T52. Mismatch negativity in the diagnosis of Alzheimer disease

To work out the elicitation plan, obtain the mismatch negativity (MMN) and get out the laboratory normal value as well as to study the influence to MMN from the deviation of auditory stimuli. Hearing test of the tone burst stimulation was performed on 21 healthy young volunteers according to oddball stimulation sequence. Each subject was performed two kinds of auditory stimuli including frequency deviant stimuli and intensity deviant stimuli, and of each one included three series of stimulation. MMN was gained by subtracting the ERP of deviant stimuli from the ERP of standard stimuli. The latency and amplitude of each MMN were recorded, and then the effect of the deviant extent for MMN was analyzed. By this setup the MMN of normal young people was recorded and normal value of latency and amplitude of MMN were got. In the group of frequency deviant stimuli, the MMN latency [(155.81 +/- 29.08) ms], if the frequency was up to 2000 Hz, was shorter than that when the frequency deviance was 1000 Hz [(182.89 +/- 45.85) ms, (183.32 +/- 43.33) ms] (P = 0.033, 0.030); when the deviant extent were the same, the latency had no obvious difference if changing the frequency of the standard and deviant stimuli (P = 0.973); the MMN amplitude of three groups [(3.85 +/- 2.22) microV, (2.90 +/- 2.05) microV, (2.66 +/- 2.12) microV] had no obvious difference among them (P > 0.05). In the group of intensity deviant stimuli, the MMN latency [(157.04 +/- 34.87) ms], if the frequency was up to 20 dB, was shorter (P = 0.025, 0.017) than that when the intensity deviance was 10 dB [(184.46 +/- 38.05) ms, (186.24 +/- 42.36) ms]. When the deviant extent were the same, the latency had no obvious difference (P = 0.882) if changing the intensity of the standard and deviant stimuli but only group 4 and group 6 [(3.41 +/- 1.64) microV, (2.37 +/- 1.47) microV] were different in evidence (P = 0.031) while the others had no obvious difference (P = 0.524, 0.122). MMN was only related to the difference between standard stimuli and deviant stimuli, but there was no relationship between MMN and the notice, which indicate that MMN could objectively reflect the capability of brain to detect the change of stimuli. MMN is the representation of brain high-level sensory function.

Localization of sound sources is critical for an appropriate behavioral response. This is not only true for localization in the horizontal plane but also for localization in depth. Depth ranging of sound sources implicates various distance cues, among others sound intensity. In this study, we measured human electroencephalography and compared mismatch negativity (MMN) amplitudes and latencies for horizontal motion, radial motion, and pure intensity changes in the free field. We observed similar MMN latencies for horizontal and radial motion, whereas MMN responses to pure intensity changes were comparably delayed. MMN amplitudes and latencies were not different for approaching and receding sounds. Our data suggest similar fast processing for horizontal and radial motion, whereas pure intensity changes are possibly processed with less priority.

BackgroundDeficits in the mismatch negativity (MMN) and P3a components are the most reliable and robust findings in schizophrenia. These abnormalities have also been recently documented in individuals clinically at risk for psychosis, indicating that the MMN may be a potential biomarker for psychosis. However, the at risk samples included in MMN studies are characterised by pre-existing clinical symptomatology and significant functional decline which are related to MMN amplitude. These factors may be potential confounds in determining whether deficient MMN is present prior to clinical manifestation of the disorder. Therefore, investigating the MMN in the extended psychosis phenotype comprising adolescents with psychotic symptoms from the general population may provide important information on whether abnormal MMN is apparent in the earliest stages of risk.MethodsThirty six adolescents completed a duration deviant MMN task. Fourteen adolescents with psychotic symptoms comprised the at risk group and 22 with no psychotic symptoms comprised the Controls. The task consisted of 85% standard tones (25 ms) and 15% deviant tones (50 ms). The groups were compared on MMN and P3a amplitude and latency across frontocentral and temporal electrodes.ResultsAdolescents with psychotic symptoms were characterised by a reduction in MMN amplitude at frontal and temporal regions compared to the controls.ConclusionsThis is the first study to demonstrate impaired auditory discrimination for duration deviant tones in nonclinical adolescents with psychotic symptoms. These findings suggest that MMN amplitude may be a possible biomarker for vulnerability to psychosis.

Mismatch negativity in children with developmental Dyslexia.

With limited visual input, blind individuals rely more on auditory information to perceive the environmental stimuli. In this study, we investigated the effect of congenital blindness on the Mismatch Negativity (MMN) to Mandarin lexical tones, consonants and vowels using the oddball paradigm. The study included 9 congenitally blind subjects and 10 normal-sighted subjects without hearing impairment, while they are matched on age and verbal IQ. For lexical tone processing, no significant difference was observed between the two groups in MMN latencies or amplitudes, while both groups had larger Mandarin tone MMN on the right and central than on the left. For consonant processing, the MMN amplitude was larger on the left and central than the right only for blind participants, whereas MMN latencies of consonants in both groups were shorter on the right than the left. For vowel processing, blind group had longer MMN latencies than control group. These results suggested that blind individuals had similar pre-attentive lexical tone processing, but they relied more on the left and central hemisphere to differentiate consonants, and it took them more time automatically to process different vowels than the sighted individuals, possibly resulting from the compensatory mechanism of neural reorganization in blind subjects.

Mismatch negativity in patients with major depressive disorder: A meta-analysis

Objectives: Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are pervasive developmental disorders.The prevalence of ASD has risen sharply in the last few years, reaching 1 in 68. Previous studies have found that abnormal auditory processing is the most common and one of the early sensory abnormalities in ASD children, which may relate to clinical manifestations such as poor language ability, pitch and voice intonation, and insensitivity or hypersensitivity to sound. Mismatch negativity (MMN) is considered as an optimal electrophysiological indicator in the pre-attentive central processing of acoustic change detection. Previous MMN studies on ASD were limited to children and adults older than five. This may be related to the difficulty for young children to cooperate with MMN recording in the awake state. Meta-analysis study indicated mixed findings on MMN latencies and amplitudes in ASD, possibly due to the different stimulation types and age ranges. This is the first study to record cotical auditory evoked potentials(CAEPs) and MMNs induced by frequency change in ASD children constrained from 2 to 5 years old. Method: MMNs were recorded from eighteen ASD children and typical controls during sleeping. The oddball paradigm for approximately 15-min lengths was given with standard (80%, 1000 Hz, 40-millisecond duration) and frequency deviant (20%, 2000 Hz, 40-millisecond duration). The presentation rate was 1.1 per second. A total of 750 stimuli were presented to each subject to obtain at least 150 deviant stimuli.The CAEP latencies and amplitudes were labeled.MMN areas were calculated based on the marked latencies and amplitudes. The latencies and amplitude of CAEPs and the latency, amplitude, and area of MMNs were recorded. Results: Our data showed that the latencies of MMN were significantly longer, and the amplitudes were significantly smaller in ASD children than those in typical controls. Due to the MMN representing the integrity of the primary auditory cortex and its auditory pathway projecting to the hippocampus, prolonged MMN response in ASD children may be related to the lack of mature axons in the deeper cortex and prolonged myelination. Conclusions: This is the first study that reported MMN response characteristics evoked by acoustic stimulation with a 100% frequency rise at 1kHz in young ASDs during sleepness. Findings from the current research indicate that MMN recording could be reliably recorded in young children with ASD at an early age to assess auditory discrimination function. There is much work to be done to further the scientific underpinning of this measurement. Studying young ASD children is essential to understand the impact of the sound encoding process on language development. Future directions should focus on understanding the association between auditory processing characteristics and ASD core symptomatology (namely, social communication and restricted/repetitive behaviors), independent of language development levels. This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation;China (Grant Number: 82000974), Science, Technology and Innovation Commission of Shenzhen Municipality (JCYJ20190809174405505), and Shenzhen Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital Science Foundation (Grant Number: FYA2018011) to CL This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2023 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.