Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor- (CAR-) T cell therapy is one of the most recent innovative immunotherapies and is rapidly evolving. Like other technologies, CAR-T cell therapy has undergone a long development process, and persistent explorations of the actions of the intracellular signaling domain and make several improvements have led to the superior efficacy when anti-CD19 CAR-T cell treatments in B cell cancers. At present, CAR-T cell therapy is developing rapidly, and many clinical trials have been established on a global scale, which has great commercial potential. This review mainly describes the toxicity of CAR-T cell therapy and the challenges of CAR-T cells in the treatment of solid tumors, and looks forward to future development and opportunities for immunotherapy and reviews major breakthroughs in CAR-T cell therapy.
Highlights
Cancer treatments have undergone massive developments in recent year, cancer remains a difficult disease to solve worldwide
Chimeric antigen receptor T Adoptive cell transfer therapy (ACT) (CAR-T) cells are manufactured by generating a single-chain variable fragment that recognizes tumorassociated antigen (TAA) recombinants and an intracellular, recombinant “immunoreceptor tyrosine activation motif” (ITAM) region, which are incorporated into a recombinant plasmids in vitro
To develop the best Chimeric antigen receptor- (CAR-)T cells, four generations of CAR-T cells have been created via continuous exploration and improvement of the effects of intracellular signaling domains (Figure 1)
Summary
Cancer treatments have undergone massive developments in recent year, cancer remains a difficult disease to solve worldwide. Immunotherapy is a kind of therapy that targets the human immune system rather than directly targeting tumors It can resist and kill tumor cells by activating patient defenses [2]. CAR-T cells are manufactured by generating a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) that recognizes tumorassociated antigen (TAA) recombinants and an intracellular, recombinant “immunoreceptor tyrosine activation motif” (ITAM) region, which are incorporated into a recombinant plasmids in vitro. CAR-T cells can recognize tumor antigens only when they are expressed on the surface of cell membranes; the target is very specific [9]. To develop the best CAR-T cells, four generations of CAR-T cells have been created via continuous exploration and improvement of the effects of intracellular signaling domains (Figure 1). The fourth-generation CAR-T cells contain an activated T cell nuclear factor transcriptional counterpart that allows them to secrete specific cytokines (e.g., IL-12) in the tumor, thereby modifying the tumor microenvironment and recruiting and activating other the immune cells to generate an immune response
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