Capital modernisation: a photographic analysis of Lisbon’s urban transformation from the mid-nineteenth century to the eve of World War I

Urban struggles and theorising from Eastern European cities

European Cities Characterization as Basis towards the Replication of a Smart and Sustainable Urban Regeneration Model

1. Outline of the process In the inaugural report of the organizers, the significance and purpose of the symposium subject were explained. Then, seven reporters read their papers on urban renewal, fol-lowed by three comentators on these papers. Finally, G. Takebayashi, Chief of Planning Department of Toyama City Office, reported the urban renewal problems of Toyama City from the view point of an administrative official. After a recess, discussions were done from 14: 00 to 17: 00. Through the discussions, the circumstances and backgrounds for the process of final decision making, the cost, and the future perspectives for urban renewal were the principal concerns of the attendants. 2. Organizers' Reports (1) H. Futagami emphasized that recently the citizens' needs and demands of the civic center in the provincial city have increased rapidly. The civic center, however, can not meet the needs and demands satisfactorily, resulting in the feeling of discontent on the part of citizens. He pointed out from his pursuit of field survey that the citizens' needs and demands of the civic center were accessibility, safety, modernity, amenity, selectivity and residentiability. Finally, he stressed that the future civic center of the provincial city should be created primarily on the human scale. (2) N. Suglmura explained of the recent Japanese Government's policy which had promoted strongly to modernize the commercial activities of the provincial city. Then, he anticipated that the civic center, the core region of commercial activities, would further develop. He reported that not a few geographers participated in the committees to moder-nize activities in the civic center. 3. Reporters' papers (1) K. Tanabe was concerned with the parking problems in the CBD, especially with the regional formation of parking zone surrounding the CBD. He pointed out some dif-ferences and characteristics of the parking problems between Japanese, American and Eu-ropean cities. (2) H. Kanazaki explained the historical process of development of Kanazawa City which had been constructed as a castle town about 400 years ago. He concluded that it was very important to harmonize conservation with redevelopment in the procedure of urban renewal of Kanazawa City having a long history vincial cities, especially, cities with a long history such as Kanazawa City, by showing many color slides. (4) K. Kitagawa's concern was directed to the relationship between the types of urban renewal and the urban size. He pointed out that the urban renewal in the prefectural capital cities as characterized by the point and line development system. On the other hand, the urban renewal in the regional capital cities, such as Fukuoka and Hiroshima, showed the line and area development system. (5) F. Takano reported that judging from the consequence of the urban renewal in Okazaki City, Aichi Prefecture, urban renewal could exert a strong influence nott only on the civic center but also on the adjoining areas. (6) H. Yoshida mentioned a merit of urban renewal to raise efficiency of land utiliza-tion in the civic center. At the same time, however, attention should be paid to the fact that central big capital often push out local small enterprises. (7) K. Jitsu first explained of the actual conditions of urban renewal of principal cities, Kanazawa, Toyama, Fukui etc., in Hokuriku District. Then he stressed the importance of arranging legal regulations for urban renewal and also making urban renewal plans which could satisfy the demands of local merchants and dealers. RELATED EXCURSION (12_??_130ct., 1974) Theme: Urban renewal of the civic centers in the principal cities of Hokuriku District.

Urban policies in many European port cities have displayed attempts to diversify the local economy and rebrand the city within interurban competition. Whilst these processes have been commented upon in relation to their socio-economic and spatial outcomes, little research has engaged with their connection with the maritime nature of port cities. With examples from urban development and regeneration strategies in two European port cities, Rotterdam (The Netherlands) and Valencia (Spain), this paper elaborates on the concepts of demaritimisation and remaritimisation of port cities, from a cultural perspective, to support the argument that, in some cases, these strategies have been underpinned by attempts to overlook or depart from the city’s maritime identity, history and heritage. These efforts by policy makers aim to overcome the perceived ‘disadvantage’ of the port image or to create and promote different, not necessarily authentic, relationships with the port and the sea.

Despite repeated attempts to integrate competing perspectives (Szelenyi and Kostello 1996; Nee and Matthews 1996), the ongoing market transition debate has shown no signs of resolution. Instead, the 1996 AJS market transition symposium seems to have created more controversy than it settled (Nee 1996; Xie and Hannum 1996; Oberschall 1996; Parish and Michelson 1996; Walder 1996; Fligstein 1996; Szelenyi and Kostello 1996). And subsequent studies continue to reach nearly opposite conclusions (cf. Bian and Logan 1996; Gerber and Hout 1998; with Brainerd 1998; Nee and Cao, in press). When arguments become polarized, it often signals that divisions are falsely drawn (Bates 1997). Although originally made in another context, this observation is applicable here. As principals in this lively debate, we believe that clarification and reevaluation are essential for moving toward a reconciliation of competing viewpoints. In this comment we therefore identify the central issues in the controversy and provide an overall assessment of existing empirical evidence

ABSTRACTAiming at contributing to the preservation of black and white (B&W) film-based negatives held by Portuguese archives, four photographic collections from the first half of the twentieth century were selected for study. During the macro assessment of the collections the preservation condition and hues found in photographic negatives from the Elmano Cunha e Costa (ECC) were noticed, distinguishing this collection from the remaining ones. Additional attention was given considering that the ECC collection was formed in a colonial context in the 1930s, while the others were formed on the Portugal mainland. The ECC collection results from an ethnographic survey of Angolan tribes recorded with B&W film-based negatives. In this collection, sets of negatives with pink, lemon yellow, greenish, orange brownish, and red brownish hues were found. To identify the origin of such hues, the image layer was analysed by microscale energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (μ EDXRF) and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). Additionally, to assess the base decay and its effect on the formation of hues, the plastic supports were characterized by Fourier transform infrared microscopy (μ FTIR). To complement the assessment of the film-base decay, pH was measured by using combined microelectrodes. The identification of mercury, iodine, chromium, and iron by μ EDXRF allowed correlation of the hues found in the negatives with chemical corrective treatments performed to improve the image quality. SEM-EDX confirmed those results and proved that the elements found were in the photographic emulsion layer. The results obtained are relevant since the hues identified may now be used as markers to indicate the technical work performed on colonial photography. Additionally, the visual and molecular assessment of the negatives’ supports (good to fair condition) allow proposing that the original storage conditions may have had a beneficial contribution to their present condition.

Book synopsis: This book offers a cross-national perspective on contemporary urban renewal in relation to social rental housing. Social housing estates – as developed either by governments (public housing) or not-for-profit agencies – became a prominent feature of the 20th century urban landscape in Northern European cities, but also in North America and Australia. Many estates were built as part of earlier urban renewal, ‘slum clearance’ programs especially in the post-World War 2 heyday of the Keynesian welfare state. During the last three decades, however, Western governments have launched high-profile ‘new urban renewal’ programs whose aim has been to change the image and status of social housing estates away from being zones of concentrated poverty, crime and other social problems. This latest phase of urban renewal – often called ‘regeneration’ – has involved widespread demolition of social housing estates and their replacement with mixed-tenure housing developments in which poverty deconcentration, reduced territorial stigmatization, and social mixing of poor tenants and wealthy homeowners are explicit policy goals. Academic critical urbanists, as well as housing activists, have however queried this dominant policy narrative regarding contemporary urban renewal, preferring instead to regard it as a key part of neoliberal urban restructuring and state-led gentrification which generate new socio-spatial inequalities and insecurities through displacement and exclusion processes. This book examines this debate through original, in-depth case study research on the processes and impacts of urban renewal on social housing in European, U.S. and Australian cities. The book also looks beyond the Western urban heartlands of social housing to consider how renewal is occurring, and with what effects, in countries with historically limited social housing sectors such as Japan, Chile, Turkey and South Africa.

Book synopsis: This book offers a cross-national perspective on contemporary urban renewal in relation to social rental housing. Social housing estates – as developed either by governments (public housing) or not-for-profit agencies – became a prominent feature of the 20th century urban landscape in Northern European cities, but also in North America and Australia. Many estates were built as part of earlier urban renewal, ‘slum clearance’ programs especially in the post-World War 2 heyday of the Keynesian welfare state. During the last three decades, however, Western governments have launched high-profile ‘new urban renewal’ programs whose aim has been to change the image and status of social housing estates away from being zones of concentrated poverty, crime and other social problems. This latest phase of urban renewal – often called ‘regeneration’ – has involved widespread demolition of social housing estates and their replacement with mixed-tenure housing developments in which poverty deconcentration, reduced territorial stigmatization, and social mixing of poor tenants and wealthy homeowners are explicit policy goals. Academic critical urbanists, as well as housing activists, have however queried this dominant policy narrative regarding contemporary urban renewal, preferring instead to regard it as a key part of neoliberal urban restructuring and state-led gentrification which generate new socio-spatial inequalities and insecurities through displacement and exclusion processes. This book examines this debate through original, in-depth case study research on the processes and impacts of urban renewal on social housing in European, U.S. and Australian cities. The book also looks beyond the Western urban heartlands of social housing to consider how renewal is occurring, and with what effects, in countries with historically limited social housing sectors such as Japan, Chile, Turkey and South Africa.

Book synopsis: This book offers a cross-national perspective on contemporary urban renewal in relation to social rental housing. Social housing estates – as developed either by governments (public housing) or not-for-profit agencies – became a prominent feature of the 20th century urban landscape in Northern European cities, but also in North America and Australia. Many estates were built as part of earlier urban renewal, ‘slum clearance’ programs especially in the post-World War 2 heyday of the Keynesian welfare state. During the last three decades, however, Western governments have launched high-profile ‘new urban renewal’ programs whose aim has been to change the image and status of social housing estates away from being zones of concentrated poverty, crime and other social problems. This latest phase of urban renewal – often called ‘regeneration’ – has involved widespread demolition of social housing estates and their replacement with mixed-tenure housing developments in which poverty deconcentration, reduced territorial stigmatization, and social mixing of poor tenants and wealthy homeowners are explicit policy goals. Academic critical urbanists, as well as housing activists, have however queried this dominant policy narrative regarding contemporary urban renewal, preferring instead to regard it as a key part of neoliberal urban restructuring and state-led gentrification which generate new socio-spatial inequalities and insecurities through displacement and exclusion processes. This book examines this debate through original, in-depth case study research on the processes and impacts of urban renewal on social housing in European, U.S. and Australian cities. The book also looks beyond the Western urban heartlands of social housing to consider how renewal is occurring, and with what effects, in countries with historically limited social housing sectors such as Japan, Chile, Turkey and South Africa.

The Photographic Construction of Urban Renewal in Fargo, North Dakota Mike Christenson (bio) The federally subsidized urban renewal program had its roots in three major federal housing acts, those of 1937, 1949, and 1954. The Housing Act of 1937 defined a slum as “any area where dwellings predominate which, by reason of dilapidation, overcrowding, faulty arrangement or design, lack of ventilation, light or sanitation facilities, or any combination of these factors, are detrimental to safety, health, or morals.”1 Responding to a call in President Harry S. Truman’s 1949 State of the Union address, Congress passed the Housing Act of 1949, Title I of which authorized the use of federal funds for what it termed slum clearance.2 The 1949 act defined an approach to identifying and rebuilding “blighted or deteriorated” areas of cities that differed from previous efforts in two significant ways. Prior to 1949 slum clearance was a fundamentally local effort, accomplished largely or entirely without federal funding (with the exception of a small number of New Deal programs). In addition, early programs had generally failed to gain the participation of private developers. The Housing Act of 1949 explicitly enabled cities, with federal help, to purchase already-developed areas, clear the land of existing structures, and then resell it to private developers.3 The Housing Act of 1954 introduced the term “urban renewal” and gave new impetus to the federally subsidized effort by explicitly authorizing federal funds for the acquisition of property and the removal of buildings.4 My dual interests in urban renewal and archival research date back to the 1980s and my childhood in Winona, Minnesota. I recall an impressive collection of well-preserved nineteenth-century downtown buildings juxtaposed with two square blocks of 1970s-era apartment blocks, offices, and commercial buildings. These newer buildings represented Winona’s built legacy of the federally funded urban renewal program. Even as a child, I was keenly interested in the buildings I saw around me in my hometown, and with my mother’s encouragement and cooperation, I visited the local historical society archives on several occasions to learn about the buildings that were demolished to make way for the new. What I discovered was a collection of newspaper clippings, photographs, maps, and drawings that resonated with my own growing interests in architecture, drawing, and photography. Again with my mother’s support and encouragement, I began drawing and photographing the historic buildings of downtown Winona. Although these formative experiences with buildings and archival research clearly laid the groundwork for my education as an architect and my later career as a university professor of architecture, my interest in urban renewal lay dormant for many years. It was rekindled in 2013 when my university, North Dakota State, offered a research grant designed specifically to encourage and support research into the materials in the university archives. Remembering my time as a young man researching in the Winona County Historical Society archives, hunting for materials concerning Winona’s demolished buildings, I wondered whether the North Dakota State University archives contained any material on Fargo’s urban renewal projects. To my delight, online finding aids confirmed that the archives [End Page 116] housed extensive collections of urban renewal materials, many of which derived from the personal collections of Earl Stewart, a former professor in my own department who had passed away some years before I became aware of the collection.5 I wrote a successful proposal to the grant committee that centered on the construction of a digital model of downtown Fargo and digital mapping of archival materials. The Gunlogson Award also allowed me to hire a half-time graduate research assistant.6 The project related to my broad research interests concerning architectural and urban epistemology. In general, my research considers the ways in which knowledge about the built environment is produced, manipulated, structured, disseminated, consumed, and archived, in both historical and contemporary practices.7 For this project I proposed to study the archive’s collections of images, texts, maps, and models associated with Fargo’s urban renewal program from 1955 to 1974 and, specifically, to use digital technologies to organize, cross-reference, and analyze selected materials. As a topical subject within the field...

The aim of this communication is to develop how to preserve the permanencies and losses of old convents and monasteries after urban transformations, as well as to review the instruments of heritage protection that have failed. It is a common process that has been experimented in many European cities and whose protagonist are the cloistered convents. Pieces that have served to make city and help to build its periphery. But, with the passage of time they were submerged in abandonment, fragmentation, forgetfulness and even loss their memory. This situation remains until a fresh impulse transforms it into a new object of patrimonial value, resource for tourist use, and rejoints the city. The methodology followed is based on the simultaneous use of different 2D and 3D assisted drawing tools, always supported by historical cartography and written documentary sources. In Spain, the city of Seville stands out as one of the settings for the development of religious orders, more than one hundred. As a result of historical events and developments, many of Seville's convents and monasteries have disappeared completely. The number of monasteries that have remained intact, preserving their use value as a religious institution are very small, only 15. However, it is common to find remnants in the present-day city where their remains are still visible. Saint Augustin monastery was founded in the 13th century outside the city walls, 15,016 m2 next to the Carmona Gate. Its location was bounded by the city and the city walls to the west, the aqueduct to the south and the Tagarete River to the east. Both the aqueduct and the river allowed for the location of the building as well as the extensive development of its orchards. The importance of water in the conventual space is due to the need for irrigation and cultivation of the green area. In 1835, the convent was disentailed, and the building was divided up. New dwellings were also built on the site of the former convent, which was in a privileged location. New streets appeared, the site was completely divided and cloisters, parts of the old convent and its church disappeared. The remains of the building have not been adequately protected for decades. The convent of Saint Augustin is an outstanding example of urban resilience, how a building of great importance and size has managed to survive. Some valuable spaces of the original building are still preserved, such as the refectory, the staircase, and the main cloister. The understanding and protection of Seville's convent heritage requires specific planning tools to address the urban condition of the convents. In addition, their determining role in the morphological construction of the city and the configuration of the historic urban landscape will be stablished. Unpublished material of the urban and architectural research process will be provided under a methodological approach of renewed heritage management, clearly useful for European historic cities.

The Library of Birmingham (LoB) is a £193million project designed to provide a new space for lifelong learning and knowledge growth, a physical and virtual portal for Birmingham's citizens to the wider world. In cooperation with a range of private, public, and third-sector bodies, as well as individual citizens, the library, due to open in June 2013, will articulate a continuing process of organic growth and emergence. Key delivery themes focus on: arts and creativity, citizenship and community, enterprise and innovation, learning and skills and the new media ecology. A landmark design in the heart of the cultural district of the city, the LoB aims to stimulate sustainable economic growth, urban regeneration and social inclusion by offering a wide range of new digital learning services, real and virtual community spaces, and new opportunities for interpreting and exploiting internationally significant collections of documentary archives, photography, moving image, and rare printed books. Additionally, the LoB will offer physical space for creative, cultural, enterprise, and knowledge development. This paper outlines the cultural and educational thinking that informs the project and the challenges experienced in developing innovative service redesign.

In the process of globalization, building on the particular spatial scenery of the waterfront, cities tend to refresh their strategies of development to adapt new trends of urban life with huge urban waterfront regeneration projects. These usually focus on a target of maximum marketing and construction of a new image-vision, which aims to represent the city in the global agenda. This aspect is depending on bigger changes in the urban context, the shift in government structures to entrepreneurial forms that involve externalization of state functions (Swyngedouw 2005; p. 1998). The rationale behind the phenomenon of waterfront regeneration and the global embracement of it is now “widely recognized if incompletely understood" (Hoyle 2001 pp. 297), as the relevant literature is based on case studies with focus on the examples of North American and European cities. The goal is to contribute to the more general, theoretical contention of urban waterfront regeneration in developing countries in understanding their dimensions in terms of governance and planning. The research tackles urban waterfront regeneration in Istanbul, Turkey by studying the most recent initiative of urban waterfront regeneration along Halic /The Golden Horn, the Halic Shipyard Conservation Project. The theoretical framework that underpins this study is derived from the discourse on new forms of urban governance including private, public and civic actors (Paquet 2001) that influence planning processes and project outcomes. To evaluate the planning process from a comprehensive governance perspective, indicators include: the legal framework, decision-making process, actors and their relations (Nuissl and Heinrichs 2010) and as normative the perspective of an inclusive planning approach (Healey 1997, 2006) helps to evaluate the planning process of the project. As urban waterfront regeneration literature is mostly based upon case study approaches, a critical overview of international examples is conducted. Both primary and secondary data is collected through: literature review, review of laws, review of official documents and land-use plans, an internship, 31 interviews, 91 questionnaires, participatory observation, a workshops, observation and photographs. The aim is to assess to which extend the top-down governance forms, but also bottom-up grass root empowerment influence the planning process and project outcomes, giving recommendations for an inclusive planning approach. The second aim is to evaluate the urban waterfront regeneration project studying its impact on the neighboring community. Bedrettin Neighborhood is chosen for analysis and its position in the planning process along with its needs are exposed. The thesis argues the modes in which along with clear targets for the improvement of the quality of life for the neighboring community, the urban waterfront regeneration project, Halic Shipyard Conservation Project, will be able to escape the current deadlocks and collisions between government, investors, resistance and local community and might have a chance to actually set an urgently needed precedent of a new planning culture in Istanbul.

Urban renewal theory is one of the theoretical frameworks in supporting urban development, which begins with an increase in the number of buildings in the city to accommodate basic human needs, continuing with the preservation of historical landmarks, as well as the introduction of green plants and sustainable ecology. It indicates that people pay greater attention to the urban living environment and shape the quality standards for urban design and the building of the city's image. The aims of Global urban renewal are almost the same, although the techniques and tactics of urban growth and renewal in the West and East vary to some extent. To fulfill the developing demands of the times, the city needs to renovate and upgrade the city's older parts while also considering the city's overall expansion and progress. This article examines and contrasts the history, idea, and urban renewal approach in the United Kingdom and China, and also investigates the similarities and differences in the growth of western and eastern cities. The cities are selected for their long history and unique planning features. Edinburgh in the U.K. and Xi'an City in China are selected as examples for an in-depth analysis of urban planning sequences in regeneration. The study of the evolution of urban morphology and the urban regeneration strategies of British and Chinese cities is reflected in the modern urban renewal of Edinburgh and Xi'an, along with the relationship between urban morphology and urban history and culture. It also discusses the impact of green space and the ecological environment on these two cities, separately, which also offers inspiring ideas and references for future city governance and revitalization.

The present work develops a new methodology for assessing urban renewal scenarios at the neighborhood scale. Entitled URBIUS, this methodology seeks to meet the needs of municipalities in terms of planning for the development of their urban built fabric. It is now widely recognized that the urban population growth, along with the increase in the use of private vehicles, has led to a generalized urban sprawl. This land use is not sustainable in environmental, social and economic terms. Because most European cities are in this situation, it appears necessary to bring new developments within the urban built fabric, in order to raise their density. However, to rely on densification alone is not sufficient in order to move towards a more sustainable urban environment and to attract new residents looking for quality living spaces. Therefore, the transformation of the city requires a holistic vision, integrating different objectives. In this perspective, the neighborhood scale has been identified as an operational scale which integrates both the specific objectives of stakeholders taking part in the making of the city and the broader objectives of the city itself. In this context, this work seeks to contribute to the inward development of the cities in a qualitative way, by providing URBIUS, a new methodology for assessing the sustainability of urban renewal strategies at the neighborhood level. Prior to the creation of this methodology, an operational definition of sustainable neighborhoods has been developed. This one includes six goals: to ensure the feasibility of the urban renewal strategy, to provide housing to all residents, to balance the supply of jobs and housing, to save energy resources, to upgrade the local natural resources and to promote the balance between density and urban quality. Hence, the methodology is structured following these six goals and declines them in criteria and indicators for the purpose of the assessment. For each indicator, both quantitative and qualitative, assessment thresholds are set: a limit value and a target value. These thresholds are used to assess the strategies positively if the value is better than the target value, negatively if it is worse than the limit value, and uncertain for values lying between the limit value and the target value. However, in order to adjust the assessment to the specific potential of a neighborhood, an adaptation technique has been developed based on a dynamic approach. The assessment thresholds are adapted depending on the evaluation of the existing state of the neighborhood and on its underlying trend, that is to say the assessment of the neighborhood at a given time whereas no special action is planned. Finally, the new methodology is tested on four neighborhoods taken as case studies. The chosen neighborhoods have all a good quality public transportation system, with potential for densification and capacity to provide quality living space. They are located in the canton of Vaud, Switzerland: Lausanne, Prilly, Echallens and Yverdon-les-Bains. This work highlights the potential of urban renewal strategies at the neighborhood scale in the process of the transformation of the city towards greater sustainability and the contribution of sustainability assessment methodologies. In this sense, URBIUS is a relevant methodology to assist and foster sustainable urban renewal. Now it is up to the key stakeholders to undertake such efforts in urban renewal in a concerted and sustained effort.