Abstract
Plant virus-like particles, and in particular, tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) particles, are increasingly being used in nano- and biotechnology as well as for biochemical sensing purposes as nanoscaffolds for the high-density immobilization of receptor molecules. The sensitive parameters of TMV-assisted biosensors depend, among others, on the density of adsorbed TMV particles on the sensor surface, which is affected by both the adsorption conditions and surface properties of the sensor. In this work, Ta2O5-gate field-effect capacitive sensors have been applied for the label-free electrical detection of TMV adsorption. The impact of the TMV concentration on both the sensor signal and the density of TMV particles adsorbed onto the Ta2O5-gate surface has been studied systematically by means of field-effect and scanning electron microscopy methods. In addition, the surface density of TMV particles loaded under different incubation times has been investigated. Finally, the field-effect sensor also demonstrates the label-free detection of penicillinase immobilization as model bioreceptor on TMV particles.
Highlights
Exponential advances in nano- and biotechnological applications of viruses and virus-like particles have stimulated their implementation as templates for the synthesis and assembly of nanomaterials with diverse hierarchical structures and as sensing components in biochemical sensors [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]
Sensors are able to detect the adsorption of charged macromolecules or nanoparticles onto the gate surface, since they are carrying an intrinsic molecular charge
0.005–0.32 μg/μL) on the surface density of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) particles loaded to the Ta2 O5 surface and the corresponding EIS sensor signal of the TMV-modified Ta2 O5 -gate was investigated by means of field-effect measurements and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
Summary
Exponential advances in nano- and biotechnological applications of viruses and virus-like particles have stimulated their implementation as templates for the synthesis and assembly of nanomaterials with diverse hierarchical structures and as sensing components in biochemical sensors [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]. In contrast to chemically synthesized particles, which are typically polydisperse, several types of biological virus nanoparticles have the unique advantage that they can be produced in a large number of identical copies as determined by their genetics. Plant virus-like particles are increasingly being used for nanobiotechnology purposes due to their robustness, high surface-to-volume ratio, highly controllable and precisely defined structures, inherent biodegradability and biocompatibility, lack of toxicity and pathogenicity in humans and other mammals, and the possibility of low-cost production from infected plants in a large quantity [1,2,3,4,9,10,11,12,13,14,15]. The TMV is able to infect numerous plants, many of them in the family
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