Abstract
To produce milk that is healthier for human consumption, the present study evaluated the effect of including canola oil in the diet of dairy cows on milk production and composition as well as the nutritional quality of this milk fat. Eighteen Holstein cows with an average daily milk yield of 22 (± 4) kg/d in the middle stage of lactation were used. The cows were distributed in 6 contemporary 3x3 Latin squares consisting of 3 periods and 3 treatments: control diet (without oil), 3% inclusion of canola oil in the diet and 6% inclusion of canola oil in the diet (dry matter basis). The inclusion of 6% canola oil in the diet of lactating cows linearly reduced the milk yield by 2.51 kg/d, short-chain fatty acids (FA) by 41.42%, medium chain FA by 27.32%, saturated FA by 20.24%, saturated/unsaturated FA ratio by 39.20%, omega-6/omega-3 ratio by 39.45%, and atherogenicity index by 48.36% compared with the control treatment. Moreover, with the 6% inclusion of canola oil in the diet of cows, there was an increase in the concentration of long chain FA by 45.91%, unsaturated FA by 34.08%, monounsaturated FA by 40.37%, polyunsaturated FA by 17.88%, milk concentration of omega-3 by 115%, rumenic acid (CLA) by 16.50%, oleic acid by 44.87% and h/H milk index by 94.44% compared with the control treatment. Thus, the inclusion of canola oil in the diet of lactating dairy cows makes the milk fatty acid profile nutritionally healthier for the human diet; however, the lactating performance of dairy cows is reduce.
Highlights
The fatty acid profile of the human diet has changed during the evolution of food patterns, as the diet of primitive societies was very different from the present
The milk yield decreased linearly according to the inclusion of canola oil in the diet of cows such that the cows fed with 6% canola oil in the diet produced 2.51 kg/d less milk than cows fed the control diet (Table 3)
The point of maximum reduction in the milk concentration of fat occurred with the inclusion of 4.5% oil in the diet
Summary
The fatty acid profile of the human diet has changed during the evolution of food patterns, as the diet of primitive societies was very different from the present. Due to the requirements for practicality and fast meal preparation, the intake of industrial foods, which are rich in saturated and omega-6 fatty acids, has become a necessity. Canola Oil in Dairy Cow Diets Change the Milk Fatty Acid Profile (vegetables, fruits and fishes) that are important sources of omega-3 fatty acids is reduced. Contrary to primitive societies, current human diets have high concentrations of saturated and omega-6 fatty acids but are deficient in omega-3, which are factors that are associated with the development with coronary heart disease and other non-infectious diseases [1, 2]
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