Abstract
Glaucoma is a progressive neurodegenerative disease which constitutes the main frequent cause of irreversible blindness. Recent findings have shown that oxidative stress, inflammation and glutamatergic pathway play key roles in the causes of glaucoma. Recent studies have shown a down regulation of the WNT/β-catenin pathway in glaucoma, associated with overactivation of the GSK-3β signaling. WNT/β-catenin pathway is mainly associated with oxidative stress, inflammation and glutamatergic pathway. Cannabidiol (CBD) is a non-psychotomimetic phytocannabinoid derived from Cannabis sativa plant which possesses many therapeutic properties across a range of neuropsychiatric disorders. Since few years, CBD presents an increased interest as a possible drug in anxiolytic disorders. CBD administration is associated with increase of the WNT/β-catenin pathway and decrease of the GSK-3β activity. CBD has a lower affinity for CB1 but can act through other signaling in glaucoma, including the WNT/β-catenin pathway. CBD downregulates GSK3-β activity, an inhibitor of WNT/β-catenin pathway. Moreover, CBD was reported to suppress pro-inflammatory signaling and neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and glutamatergic pathway. Thus, this review focuses on the potential effects of cannabidiol, as a potential therapeutic strategy, on glaucoma and some of the presumed mechanisms by which this phytocannabinoid provides its possible benefit properties through the WNT/β-catenin pathway.
Highlights
Glaucoma is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that constitutes the main frequent cause of irreversible blindness
These molecules interact with cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) and cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) which are the natural receptors of endocannabinoids modulating numerous physiological mechanisms [24]
Genes encoding for the PI3K/Akt pathway is increased in CBD-GMSCs [100]
Summary
Glaucoma is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that constitutes the main frequent cause of irreversible blindness. Aging, increased intraocular pressure (IOP), and genetic background are the main risk factors for glaucoma [4]. Para-inflammation, in glaucoma, is characterized by a tissue adaptive response to noxious stress [17]. Para-inflammatory dysregulation could be associated with TM dysfunction and increased resistance to aqueous outflow, the main cause of increased IOP in POAG [9]. Cannabinoids are a large class of chemical components from the trichomes and the leaves of Cannabis plants (phytocannabinoids) or produced by pharmacological synthesis (synthetic cannabinoids) These molecules interact with cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) and cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) which are the natural receptors of endocannabinoids modulating numerous physiological mechanisms [24]. This review focuses on the potential effects of cannabidiol, as a potential therapeutic strategy, on glaucoma and some of the presumed mechanisms by which this phytocannabinoid provides its possible benefit properties through the WNT/β-catenin pathway
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