Abstract
After 26 years, we followed up 7348 participants in a 1979–1984 health screening survey in the Jinzu River basin, the heaviest cadmium-polluted area in Japan. We assessed the associations of cadmium exposure levels and mortality from cancer and renal damage, indicated by records of proteinuria and glucosuria in the original survey. Mortality risks (hazard ratios) were analyzed using the Cox proportional hazards model, stratified by sex, after adjusting for age, smoking status, and hypertension, as indicated in the original survey records. In men, the adjusted hazard ratio for mortality from lung cancer was significantly lower in individuals residing in an area of historically high cadmium exposure and in subjects with a historical record of proteinuria, glucosuria, and glucoproteinuria. The risk of mortality from prostate cancer was borderline higher in cadmium-exposed men. In women, historical cadmium exposure was not associated with an increased risk of mortality from malignant neoplasms, but the adjusted hazard ratios for death from total malignant neoplasms or from renal and uterine cancers were significantly higher in exposed subjects with a historical record of proteinuria, glucosuria, and glucoproteinuria. These findings suggest that women residing in cadmium-polluted areas who exhibit markers of renal damage may be at risk of dying of cancer.
Highlights
IntroductionNawrot et al (2006) reported a significant association between Cd exposure and lung cancer risk in a Belgian cohort, suggesting that aspiration of house dust containing contaminated soil particles may be related to an increase in the incidence of lung cancer [2]
Cadmium (Cd) compounds have been classified as human carcinogens by the InternationalAgency for Research on Cancer [1], leading to studies of mortality causes in Cd-exposed populations.Nawrot et al (2006) reported a significant association between Cd exposure and lung cancer risk in a Belgian cohort, suggesting that aspiration of house dust containing contaminated soil particles may be related to an increase in the incidence of lung cancer [2]
We investigated the associations between Cd exposure and mortality risks for specific cancers, and analyzed mortality risks in Jinzu River basin residents with historical records of renal damage
Summary
Nawrot et al (2006) reported a significant association between Cd exposure and lung cancer risk in a Belgian cohort, suggesting that aspiration of house dust containing contaminated soil particles may be related to an increase in the incidence of lung cancer [2]. In male factory workers exposed to high levels of Cd, increased incidences of prostate cancer were observed in Sweden [3] and the UK [4]. An increased breast cancer risk was reported in US women with higher urinary Cd levels [5] and in Toxics 2018, 6, 23; doi:10.3390/toxics6020023 www.mdpi.com/journal/toxics. Swedish women whose dietary Cd intake was high [6]. Akesson et al (2008) reported that dietary Cd intake increased postmenopausal endometrial cancer incidence in a Swedish cohort [7].
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