Can Crypto Currencies Challenge Sovereign Currencies? A Multidisciplinary Overview of Opportunities and Risks

The paper addresses the issue of mystification of historical and legal knowledge that originated in the first half of the 19th century, a period marked in Russia by the popularization and promotion of Western-centric, Eurocentric views and ideas. It was during this time that such concepts as the «Mongolian», the «Mongol-Tatar Yoke» were introduced, entirely unsubstantiated but framed within the scientific discipline of the history of Russian law, emphasizing the «subjugated» status of medieval Russian society. Additionally, the term «Golden Horde» became entrenched in scholarly discourse, a designation to which remains a significant attachment in contemporary academic circles. In contrast, native chronicles and legal monuments officially document a different, historically accurate name for the political organization of foreign conquerors — Tatar Horde — that reflects its ethnic, political-legal nature and status more precisely. The author focuses on another form of modern mystification of scientific knowledge concentrated on artificial cultivation by a significant number of researchers of the idea of «strong influence» of the «Mongol-Tatar Yoke» on the right-wing genesis of Russia, including other social relations different from deliberately emphasized «non-independence», «dependence» of the Russian people upon the Horde. In particular, we are talking about the preservation of legal sovereignty, the originality of legal customs and traditions of the Russian people, who, even in the difficult conditions of the Tatar invasion, retained and defended their legal identity. Moreover, it was concluded that it was the Russian legal experience that had a significant impact on the development of both customary and positive law in the Tatar Horde, where the process of reception of terms, means and methods of legal technique, institutions, including a «kun», the appointment of apanage princes, etc., was taking place.

The article examines the issues of the development of historiographical studies of political and legal doctrines from the point of view of clarifying the role and significance of the relevant results in modern legal science, as well as the problems of improving the methodological foundations of the formation of the Russian historiographical model of political and legal knowledge. The study shows that the lack of developed and consistent models of historiography of political and legal doctrines in foreign and domestic legal literature is associated with certain interpretations of historical knowledge and cognitive principles, the rejection of historicism in the social sciences, which was established and spread especially in the twentieth century in Western European literature, the undeveloped types of development of national literatures covering the issues of origin and development of political and legal knowledge. In terms of improving approaches to historiographical research of political and legal knowledge, the possibilities of a deeper study of the influence of socio-religious consciousness, genre features, plots and means of expression, linguistic characteristics of the works of scientists and other studied texts are indicated. In the methodological direction, an important role can be played by referring to the constructs formed in the Russian philosophical literature, in particular the works of P. A. Florensky.

With the escalating economic growth in construction activities around the world, construction disputes are on the rise again. The construction industry worldwide is on the lookout for better ways to resolve various types of construction disputes. To this end, the roles and functions of forensic engineers in assisting the appropriate resolution of such disputes are much more demanding than before. Knowledge about the legal process and expectations upon forensic engineers are equally crucial as technical knowledge in this regard. Many forensic engineers learn these by training, but some through unfortunate experiences and at the expense of their clients. To ensure the proper discharge of their duties to the parties and to the tribunals, there is a body of legal knowledge with which forensic engineers need to be equipped. Through exploring and studying cases and practices in the UK, Hong Kong and Australia, this paper reviews the essential legal knowledge and hence the protocol of conduct expected from forensic engineers in these countries. In addition, an attempt is made to highlight those issues to be considered by educators of forensic engineers in this regard. The ultimate aim is to provide a checklist of content for the body of knowledge to improve the overall education of forensic engineers in this field.

Russian legal science has not studied the phenomenon of the ancient Russian legal civilization much. This gap impoverishes historical and legal knowledge about the origins of Russian statehood, originating in the early Middle Ages. In order to eliminate the conceptual vacuum in the issues of the genesis of Kievan Rus, the author scrutinizes the features of the legal culture of the East Slavic state of Rurikovich. The legal consciousness of the ancient Russian people had a syncretic structure, formed in an attempt to synchronize pagan and Christian ideas about law and justice. The uniqueness of the legal life of Kievan Rus consisted in the long-term dominance of private interest in all branches of law. For example, the traditional system of succession to the throne organically grew out of the ideas of collective ownership of the ruling family not only for patrimonial (mainly land) property, but also for sovereign power. The correlation of princely powers with the veche rights of the people in different ancient Russian regions has acquired specific public law features: from the absolute sovereignty of the Veche in Vyatka to autocratic rule in the Vladimir-Suzdal Principality. In Kievan Rus, they valued the written law, respected international treaties, customs and judicial decisions. They would chose princes and drew up political and legal agreements with them that strictly defined rights and duties. As judicial evidence, they continued to use the oath, trial by iron and lot, used judicial duel; not only representatives of the nobility were involved in the administration of justice, but also and free community members. Ancient Russian legal values, ideals and the practice of their implementation allow us to talk about the existence of a separate ancient Russian legal civilization.

The article examines the Soviet experience of building a system of state and national institutions for the development of indigenous peoples, which is of particular interest in connection with the recognition of the need to preserve traditional cultures in the Russian Federation. The author states the need to form a comprehensive historical and legal knowledge about the experience of national policy towards indigenous peoples in Russia.

Abortion is one of the most commonly performed medical procedures in the United States. In 2018, physicians in the United States performed 189 abortions for every 1000 births. Abortion is also common in other countries; across the globe, tens of millions of women seek abortions annually. In the countries that have legalized abortion, ready access to the procedure, along with access to reliable contraception, have improved women's economic status, their health, their longevity, and their ability to care for their children. Yet, despite its prevalence and benefits, abortion has also been a magnet for political controversy in the United States and elsewhere. In the United States, where the controversy has not ebbed for 50 years, abortion laws in some states have become increasingly restrictive, particularly in the last decade. This commentary describes an innovative way to teach medical students about abortion and argues that teaching abortion to medical students in the United States and throughout the world has become more, rather than less, important. This article also argues that, given the importance of access to safe abortions for women's health and well‐being, medical schools are obligated to provide medical students with the comprehensive medical knowledge that will allow them, after becoming physicians, to accurately advise, and sensitively counsel, women seeking abortions. Medical schools are also obligated to arm medical students with the relevant historical and legal knowledge that will allow them to advocate for the comprehensive reproductive services that all women need—services that include safe, legal abortion.

Fundamentally the Moscow police was created as a body with a wide range of responsibilities and numerous powers cover almost all spheres of life of the population. The Moscow police, by virtue of their status as a capital, was a kind of testing ground where various transformations in the police sphere were tested, which then spread to other cities of the Russian Empire. The middle of the 19th century became an important milestone in the development of the Moscow general police and the expansion of its competence. During this period of time, specialized divisions began to form in its structure, aimed at solving specific issues. The work discusses the experience of organizing, the legal and organizational foundations of the medical and police committee in the second most important city of the Russian Empire Moscow. The development of the Moscow general pre-revolutionary police and its individual units in the domestic historical and legal science has not been sufficiently studied, which is due to the lack of the necessary empirical material in the public domain. Based on the analysis of documents and statistical data of the Central State Archive of Moscow, first introduced into scientific circulation, explores the reasons for the formation, structure, basic powers of the Moscow Medical and Police Committee and the results of its activities. On the eve of the three hundredth anniversary of the formation of the Moscow police, the study of the experience of the Moscow police contributes to the growth of historical and legal knowledge about the activities of pre-revolutionary law enforcement bodies.

The purpose of the study is to trace the evolution of the conceptual foundations of the national historical and legal science, to identify features and promising directions of its development at the present stage. To achieve this goal, the historical and legal method was used, as well as an analysis of modern legal doctrine and the works of legal historians of the past. Archival materials from the fund of the Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation have been studied. It is emphasized that the pre-revolutionary period is associated with the emergence of the interest of legal scholars in the history of law, with the development of methods for its study, with the research of legal monuments of the past. Serafim V. Yushkov’s great contribution to the development of historical and legal science in Soviet times is noted. Anthropological and linguistic turns in science are named among the promising directions at the present stage of the development of the history of state and law. It is concluded that the expansion of the methodological basis of modern historical and legal science brings it to a higher level of conceptuality, the new tools expand the cognitive and explanatory potential, and contribute to the increment of historical and legal knowledge.

The subject. The relevance of the topic chosen by the author of the article lies in its understudied nature in Russian historical and legal scholarship. While contemporaries may study the issue more broadly from a medical or forensic perspective, or delve deeper into legislation from the nineteenth century and Soviet periods, the author's article focuses on a specific aspect of this topic that has not been extensively explored.The purpose of this article is to examine the development of abortion legislation in relation to changes in human ideas about the world and social order, the complex structure of society, and changes in the system of inheritance in society.The research methodology is based on the fundamental principles of historical and legal knowledge: historicism and objectivity. While working with historical legal documents, the specific characteristics of law and legal thinking in the studied time period and the national legal traditions of the country were taken into consideration. Comparative legal analysis, system analysis, and interdisciplinary research methods were also employed.Main results. The article provides examples of changing attitudes towards abortion through

Empirical and theoretical levels of historical and legal knowledge

The article characterizes the ideological foundations of the principle of solidarity; identifies the milestones in the conceptualization of this concept, which has now become a constitutional principle. It is proved that it is historical and legal knowledge that primarily contributes to a relevant understanding of the essence of solidarity as a unique way of productive coexistence of individuals and corporations, ethnic groups and faiths within the same public space, which does not promise destruction and demise to society in the more or less distant future. Noteworthy is the significant contribution made by the outstanding legal historian Igor A. Isaev to the fruitful resolution of a major scientific and practical task — the historical understanding of solidarity as a legal concept, including as a constitutional principle.

The article draws attention to one of the centers of university legal education in Ukraine, namely the place and importance of the history of Ukrainian law as a science and academic discipline in the university education of a lawyer in the post-genocidal, post-imperial period of reconstruction of Ukraine. digitalization. Separately, the emphasis is on the author’s vision of ways to improve the methodology of teaching the history of Ukrainian law for lawyers. It is emphasized that the transdisciplinary methodology, which was declared by UNESCO to be the leading one in the organization of the educational process in the XXI century, is a scientific guideline in favor of preserving the History of Ukrainian law with the status of a mandatory discipline in the educational process. The teaching of the History of Ukrainian Law should revolve around the idea of an organic combination of priority universal legal values created over the millennia of world history with national legal values. Thus, given the purpose of university higher education, a lawyer, if he wants to become a real specialist, should get a good basic legal education and constantly improve their knowledge in this area. In this case, without an in-depth study of the history of law and the state can not do. Deep penetration into the essence of legal phenomena in the learning process is possible only through the joint efforts of both theorists and historians of law. Historical and legal knowledge is important for solving current legal problems. The use of online tools only promotes more active communication between the student and the teacher. They complement rather than replace traditional lectures and seminars in classrooms. As a basis for developing the curriculum, it would be good to take the thesis that Ukrainian law is a social institution, with a pronounced spiritual and rational mechanism for regulating human behavior, meaningful and essentially a reflection of the existing socio-cultural reality in Ukraine. It is expedient to build a training course on the basis of problem or problem-chronological study of program material. The main emphasis in teaching should focus on research work, when the student is involved by the teacher in the field of their research and together they create space for new knowledge. Key words: Ukraine, postimperial period, reconstruction, higher legal education, university legal education, history of Ukrainian law, methodology of history of Ukrainian law, methods of teaching discipline, information society, digitalization.

The purpose of the study is to give a historical and legal assessment of the role of law in achieving the Great Victory of 1945, to emphasize the enduring importance of its results for both Russian society and the modern world order. To achieve this goal, the following tasks are set and solved in the article: to substantiate the main stages of the development of law during the Great Patriotic War; to show the contribution of scientists from the All-Union Institute of Law Sciences to the development of this issue; to reveal the role of historical and legal science in protecting the historical memory of the Great Victory. To achieve the purpose of the research, the formal legal method, methods of analysis and synthesis were used, the doctrinal Russian literature was analyzed, including the work of legal scholars of the military and post-war periods. The significant role of law in achieving the Victory both in the pre-war period and during the war years is emphasized. Law has become one of the means of mobilizing society and all its resources to fight back against the enemy. It is noted that the role of law was clear from the very beginning to legal scholars who had already begun to study various aspects of this issue during the war years. In relation to modern conditions, there are two main areas in which historical and legal knowledge is in demand and which are directly related to the preservation of the historical memory of the Great Victory: doctrinal and legislative. It is concluded that there is a certain unity of legislation and judicial practice on the protection of historical memory and countering falsifications of history. The great role of legal science in understanding the results and lessons of Victory is noted, and tasks for new historical and legal research are outlined.

Quincy Wright had a lifelong interest and professional concern in the problem of controlling war, but his unique approach was clearly shaped by his family's scholarly pursuits. His great-grandfather, a mathematician, set up the first actuarial tables in the United States. His father, Philip G. Wright, was an economist with the US Tariff Commission. Quincy's older brother, Sewall, is an internationally known mathematical geneticist and his younger brother, Theodore P., was an internationally renowned aeronautical engineer. Thus all of his immediate family on the male side were scientists, applying mathematical techniques in their fields. Quincy in his way began to look for mathematical applications to the study of war. Karl Deutsch points out in the preface to the second edition of A Study of War (1965) that Wright was one of the first scholars to make use of quantitative data in research on war, adding, If he were writing A Study of War today, he would probably abbreviate some of the historical and legal arguments and integrate his behavioral and quantitative data into his main text rather than segregate them. . However, as a former student of Quincy Wright, I believe that this would vitiate his contribution. While Quincy can be regarded as the founder of modern peace research, which relies heavily on mathematical or quantitative methods of analysis, there still reposes in his work a strong and wide core of immutable legal and historical knowledge which is not only descriptive but also analytical in the traditional sense. He was, like most of the scholars of his generation, originally trained as a legalist. His academic mentor, James W. Garner of the University of Illinois, was in his day one of the most distinguished scholars in international law, especially the law of war, prize law, etc. Quincy's first important scholarly study was on the relationship of international law to domestic law, particularly its enforcement in the courts. But even before he took up the study of international law, Quincy was very much concerned with the problem of war. A childhood classmate of his once recounted to me Quincy's delivering a high school oration on peace and war about the time of the Second Hague Conference of 1907. Undoubtedly that era of concern over establishing some sort of system to control war had an enormous impact on his formative period. In his international law phase, Quincy's scholarly output was prodigious. It moved into high gear by the time he was thirty, which coincided with the first year of the League of Nations. In the twenties, he began to travel abroad and visit Geneva, The Hague, the Middle East, and the Far East. It was these observations on the scene that probably prompted him to combine his legalistic approach with some of the historical and cultural aspects of current international problems. This period culminated in his impressive and massive scholarly work, Mandates Under the League of Nations. Beginning in the middle twenties his articles

In Commentaries on the Laws of England, William Blackstone drew not only on an impressive body of legal and historical knowledge, but also on the very poetics that he had supposedly rejected in his early poem, “The Lawyer's Farewell to his Muse.” Placing the Commentaries in the fuller context of Blackstone's poetics helps explain its international impact while offering insight into Blackstone's most all-encompassing concern: that of the relationship between English common law and justice.