Can alternative cropping systems mitigate nitrogen losses and improve GHG balance? Results from a 19-yr experiment in Northern France

Alternative arable cropping systems: A key to increase soil organic carbon storage? Results from a 16 year field experiment

Reducing tillage intensity and diversifying crop rotations may improve the sustainability of irrigated cropping systems in semi-arid regions. The objective of this study was to compare the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, soil organic matter, and net global warming potential (net GWP) of a sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.)-corn (Zea mays L,) rotation under conventional (CT) and reduced-tillage (RT) and a corn-dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) rotation under organic (OR) management during the third and fourth years of 4-year crop rotations. The gas and soil samples were collected during April 2011–March 2013, and were analyzed for carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, water-filled pore space (WFPS), soil nitrate (NO3 −–N) and ammonium (NH4 +–N) concentrations, soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN), and net global warming potential (net GWP). Soils under RT had 26% lower CO2 emissions compared to 10.2 kg C ha−1 day−1 and 43% lower N2O emissions compared to 17.5 g N ha−1 day−1 in CT during cropping season 2011, and no difference in CO2 and N2O emissions during cropping season 2012. The OR emitted 31% less N2O, but 74% more CO2 than CT during crop season 2011. The RT had 34% higher SOC content than CT (17.9 Mg ha−1) while OR was comparable with CT. Net GWP was negative for RT and OR and positive for CT. The RT and OR can increase SOC sequestration, mitigate GWP and thereby support in the development of sustainable cropping systems in semiarid agroecosystems.

Nutritional compilation of commonly consumed organic and conventional fruits and vegetables from India

Similar specific mineralization rates of organic carbon and nitrogen in incubated soils under contrasted arable cropping systems

Artichoke herb is of great pharmaceutical importance, mainly due to the high content of phenolic compounds. This paper presents the effect of late nitrate (N) fertilization with mineral and organic N on the yield of air-dried herb, the total content of polyphenolic acids (TCQA), the polyphenolic profile as well as on the antioxidant activity (AA). These parameters were measured in organic (ORG) and conventional (CON) cropping systems. The principal outcomes revealed that the highest TCQA content was determined in the herbal extracts of ORG management treatments with late N fertilization of 20 kg ha−1. This result explained the highest AA content of the extract in the ABTS+ (2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)), FRAP (ferric-reducing antioxidant power), and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assays. Late N fertilization increased the content of cynarin and ferulic acid in both systems. In addition, chlorogenic acid increased between 37% and 45% in the CON cropping systems depending on the fertilizer dose. In the same treatment, luteolin increased 39% compared to the control. Lastly, in the ORG management system, caffeic acid and apigenin content increased 10% and 30%, respectively. Both treatments showed high collinearity values, where ORG systems were related to ferulic acid and cynarin, and CON systems were associated with chlorogenic acid and AA potential (ABTS, DPPH, FRAP). To sum up, ORG cropping systems can obtain an acceptable yield size with a high-quality content of bioactive compounds, allowing a better understanding of the effect of N fertilization in ORG and CON cropping systems.

Comparison of chemical composition of organic and conventional Italian cheeses from parallel production

SummarySustainable cropping systems based on low inputs have received much attention, even if they may lead to the establishment of a competitive weed flora. This study, conducted from 2011 to 2014 in a Mediterranean environment, evaluated the changes in weed community composition in two cropping systems [conventional (CONV) and organic (ORG)] with different soil tillage [inversion tillage (IT) and non‐inversion tillage (NoIT)] in a wheat–tomato–chickpea rotation that began in 2000. The treatments were replicated three times according to a randomised complete block design. The organic system was managed according to EU regulations. Inversion tillage consisted of mouldboard ploughing to a depth of 30 cm, while NoIT consisted of subsoiling to a depth of 20 cm. Weed control was based on herbicide application in CONV and mechanical weeding in ORG. The organic non‐inversion system showed the highest weed biomass (134, 128 and 195 g dry matter (DM) m−2 in wheat, tomato and chickpea, respectively) and weed density (66, 77 and 76 plants m−2 in wheat, tomato and chickpea, respectively), as well as community richness. However, ORG always increased weed diversity, even if annual dicotyledon species were abundant in ORG‐IT and perennial dicotyledon species in ORG‐NoIT. The conventional system enhanced the relative frequency of both annual (CONV‐IT) and perennial (CONV‐NoIT) grasses. There was a negative correlation between density of perennial weeds and crop yield (r2 = 0.24, P < 0.001). Therefore, in the Mediterranean environment, combining organic practices with non‐inversion tillage could lead to the establishment of perennial weeds that are difficult to control, thus requiring specific weed management practices.

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 不同管理模式对温室土壤螨群落结构的影响 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201410101996 作者: 作者单位: 北京市农林科学院植物营养与资源研究所,中国农业大学,北京市农林科学院植物营养与资源研究所,北京市农林科学院植物营养与资源研究所,北京市农林科学院植物营养与资源研究所,北京市农林科学院植物营养与资源研究所,北京市农林科学院植物营养与资源研究所,北京市农林科学院植物营养与资源研究所,北京市农林科学院植物营养与资源研究所,中国农业大学 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 科技部科技支撑项目(2012BAD14B01);农业部行业专项项目(201303089-2);环保公益性行业科研专项项目(2013467036) Effects of different management practices on soil mite community structure under greenhouse conditions Author: Affiliation: Institute of Plant Nutrition and Resources, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences,China Agricultural University,Institute of Plant Nutrition and Resources, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences,Institute of Plant Nutrition and Resources, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences,Institute of Plant Nutrition and Resources, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences,Institute of Plant Nutrition and Resources, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences,Institute of Plant Nutrition and Resources, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences,Institute of Plant Nutrition and Resources, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences,Institute of Plant Nutrition and Resources, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences,China Agricultural University Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:为了解日光温室内不同农业管理模式对土壤螨群落的影响,以日光温室长期定位试验为研究对象,于2012年8月至2012年12月进行了5次取样,调查了有机(ORG)、无公害(LOW)和常规(CON)管理模式下土壤螨的丰度与群落结构。结果显示:管理模式对螨的丰度、各亚目的比例、菌食性隐气门螨和捕食性螨比例均无显著影响,仅对菌食性非隐气门螨和食线虫螨有显著影响。土壤螨的总数及各营养类群的数量呈现不同程度的时间波动,且波动程度在不同的管理模式下存在差异。粉螨是温室土壤中最为丰富的类群(平均37.8%)。尽管螨的类群数目呈现ORG(26) > LOW(21) > CON(18)的趋势,但香农指数和优势度指数没有显著变化。总之,在高投入、高扰动日光温室环境中,管理模式对土壤螨的数量和群落结构影响均较小。 Abstract:Soil mite distribution is closely associated with various agricultural activities in agroecosystems. The effects of organic (ORG), low-input (LOW), and conventional (CON) management practices on soil mite abundance and community structure under greenhouse conditions were determined by conducting an experiment at the Quzhou Experimental Station of the China Agricultural University (36.5°N, 115.0°E), Hebei Province, China. Soil sampling was performed five times between August and December 2012(an entire cucumber growing season) at two soil depths (0-10 cm and 10-20 cm), and each of the management practices was replicated three times. All mite taxa obtained were divided into four trophic groups:fungivorous cryptostigmatic, fungivorous non-cryptostigmatic, nematophagous, and predaceous mites. Shannon-Wiener (H') and dominance (λ) indices were calculated to evaluate mite diversity. The results revealed that the average mite abundance according to sampling date and depth in the ORG, LOW, and CON management practices was 10368 ind/m2, 11180 ind/m2 and 7918 ind/m2, respectively. In all the three greenhouses, the vertical distribution of soil mites showed surface-aggregation, and the mean abundance of mites in the 0-10 cm soil depth (18707 ind/m2) was 20-fold that in the 10-20 cm depth (937 ind/m2). Statistical analyses indicated that the management practices only significantly impacted the relative abundance of fungivorous non-cryptostigmatic and nematophagous mites, but no significant effect was found on the abundance of soil mites, the relative abundance of various suborders of mites, and the relative abundance of fungivorous cryptostigmatic and predaceous mites. The total mite abundance and the abundance of the various trophic groups fluctuated to different degrees during the sampling period; they also differed among the greenhouses. A strong fluctuation in mite density was found under low-input management practice, with the highest numbers noted in October and September for the 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm soil depths, respectively. The total mite abundance in the organic greenhouse increased gradually over time, and that under conventional management practices exhibited a slight fluctuation, with the highest number observed in November. Fungivorous non-cryptostigmatic mites were dominant in most soils except in the 10-20 cm depth of conventional soils; nematophagous mites were the subdominant trophic group in both organic and low-input soils. Acaridae was the most abundant family (mean=38.7%). Other dominant mite taxa included Laelapidae (13.1%), Parholaspididae (10.4%), Uropodidae (6.4%), and Microdispidae (6.6%). Mite richness decreased in the following order:ORG (26) > LOW (21) > CON (18); however, no significant effect was observed in the H' or λ indices. One-way analysis of variance of H' and λ in the 0-10 cm depth only revealed a significant difference in December, suggesting that H' was significantly higher under LOW than under ORG management practices. In general, the highest H' value was observed in November, and the λ index was the lowest in this month. Thus, under greenhouse conditions in which the soil environments are highly disturbed and receive high inputs, management practices had small effects on both soil mite abundance and community structure. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Organic management practices enhance soil food web biomass and complexity under greenhouse conditions

Effect of cover crop and management system on weed populations in lettuce

Several studies have reported gross composition differences between organic and conventional milk; however, most studies have not considered other factors such as breed and diet ingredients, which are known to influence milk composition. Thus, this study aimed to provide a detailed characterization of Holstein-Friesian cow milk from organic (ORG) and conventional (CONV) herds with similar diet ingredients and in the same geographic area. Bulk milk samples (n = 225) of 12 ORG and 12 CONV farms were collected from September 2019 to August 2020. Farms were located in Northern Italy, included corn (meal, silage, or both) in the lactating diets, and had similar management conditions, but ORG herds spent a period on pasture. Factors affecting milk composition were tested using a linear mixed model, which included calendar month, farming system (ORG and CONV), and their interactions as fixed effects, and farm nested within farming system as random effect. Results showed that total fat, lactose, vitamin E, and AA did not significantly differ between farming systems. Total protein and casein contents were significantly lower in ORG than CONV herds, and somatic cell score (SCS) was greater in ORG than CONV. Among minerals, differences were observed for Fe, K, Mg, and S in some months, being lower in ORG than CONV for K, Mg, and S and greater or lower for Fe depending on the month. Among fatty acid (FA) groups, index, and ratios, only polyunsaturated FA and n-3 FA tended to be greater in ORG than CONV, and cis-FA were greater in ORG than CONV during October. Among the most abundant individual FA, only C16:1n-9 differed, being lower in ORG than CONV. The calendar month (and hence seasonal feed ration) was significant for milk gross composition, SCS, vitamin E, mineral profile (except for Mo, Sr, and Zn), AA profile, FA groups (except for medium-chain FA), FA index and ratios, and individual FA (except C16:0). We conclude that the overall milk composition was quite similar between the 2 farming systems. This could be related to the similarity of the selected farms, the Holstein-Friesian breed, and generally high level of intensity in both farming systems.

Durum wheat plays a central role for Italy, a country characterized by an historical tradition of pasta making. This crop is one of the major sources of starch in the Mediterranean diet, also providing substantial amounts of nutrients, either essential or healthy, such as minerals and phytochemicals. In this study, the effect of cropping system (organic (ORG) and conventional (CONV)) on the content of proteins, wet gluten, minerals, and total polyphenols (TPC), as well as on the antioxidant activity (AA) and yield characteristics were evaluated in nine genotypes of whole durum wheat. The analysis of variance confirmed the key role of cropping system, which explained more than 50% of the total variation for some minerals (Na, K, and Fe), and more than 80% for proteins, wet gluten, and TPC. The CONV reported the highest levels of proteins, wet gluten, and ash, whereas the TPC and AA were statistically higher in the ORG ones. The quality traits under study were also genotype dependent. For instance, ‘Ramirez’ had a higher ash content under ORG than CONV, while ‘Core’ had an opposite behavior. This study provides a better understanding about the effect of both cropping system (ORG vs. CONV) and genotype on the yield and qualitative traits of the whole grain durum wheat.

Soil carbon and nitrogen mineralization kinetics in organic and conventional three-year cropping systems

Soil environmental variability and fungal community structures were analyzed to evaluate differences in soils managed under organic (ORG) and conventional (CNV) systems of farming in Fukushima and Yamagata prefectures in Japan. The soils were collected from 8 ORG and 13 CNV farms in 2005, and 6 ORG and 13 CNV farms in 2006. Principal component analysis (PCA) of 26 environmental variables demonstrated that plots of ORG and CNV were separated; however, the differences were unclear. Environmental variability and scores of principal components indicated more MgO, available phosphorous, NO(3)-N, and K(2)O in ORG than in CNV, and more silt, Mn, and Mg/K in CNV than in ORG. The differences were considered distinguishing for these farming systems. The fungal DGGE profiles and characteristic band intensities could not be used to distinguish between ORG and CNV. However, the PCA of band profiles slightly differentiated the plots of each system for both 2005 and 2006, as was the case for environmental variability. Furthermore, analysis of the PCA scores revealed several characteristic bands in DGGE profiles. A sequence analysis of the characteristic bands indicated the genus Mortierella sp. and close relatives of Cheatomium globosum to be characteristic fungi in CNV, although definitive characteristic fungi were not found in ORG. Since these results were obtained from soils differing in the type and amount of fertilizer, the application of pesticide, and management system, they are considered to reflect the general difference between ORG and CNV soils.

Farm-scale greenhouse gas balances, hotspots and uncertainties in smallholder crop-livestock systems in Central Kenya