Abstract
BackgroundThe nucleotide-binding oligomerisaton protein 2 (NOD2) constitutes a pivotal sensor of bacterial muramyl dipeptide and assures expression of distinct antimicrobial peptides and mediators produced by enterocytes and immune cells directed against pathogens including Campylobacter jejuni. We here elucidated the role of NOD2 during murine C. jejuni infection in more detail.ResultsConventionally colonized NOD2 deficient (NOD2−/−) mice and corresponding wildtype (WT) counterparts were perorally infected with C. jejuni strain 81–176 on three consecutive days. The pathogen colonized both WT and NOD2−/− mice only sporadically until day 14 post infection (p.i.). However, the slightly higher prevalence of C. jejuni in NOD2−/− mice was accompanied by higher intestinal Escherichia coli loads known to facilitate C. jejuni colonization. Neither overt macroscopic (clinical) nor microscopic sequelae (such as colonic epithelial apoptosis) could be observed upon murine C. jejuni infection of either genotype. Innate immune responses were less distinctly induced in C. jejuni infected NOD2−/− versus WT mice as indicated by lower colonic numbers of neutrophils in the former. Conversely, adaptive immune cell counts including T lymphocytes were higher in large intestines of NOD2−/− as compared to WT mice that were paralleled by increased colonic IL-6 secretion and higher TNF and IL-18 mRNA expression levels in large intestines of the former. Only in NOD2−/− mice, however, colonic IL-22 mRNA expression was down-regulated at day 14 p.i. Whereas viable commensal intestinal bacteria could exclusively be detected in mesenteric lymph nodes and livers of NOD2−/− mice, bacterial translocation rates to kidneys and spleen were NOD2 independent. Notably, large intestinal mRNA expression levels of mucin-2, constituting a pivotal factor involved in epithelial barrier integrity, were comparable in naive and C. jejuni infected mice of either genotype.ConclusionNOD2 is involved in the well-balanced regulation of innate and adaptive pro-inflammatory immune responses of conventional mice upon C. jejuni infection.
Highlights
The nucleotide-binding oligomerisaton protein 2 (NOD2) constitutes a pivotal sensor of bacterial muramyl dipeptide and assures expression of distinct antimicrobial peptides and mediators produced by enterocytes and immune cells directed against pathogens including Campylobacter jejuni
Pathogenic colonization properties in C. jejuni infected conventionally colonized NOD2−/− mice In order to investigate the role of NOD2 during C. jejuni infection of mice harboring a conventional microbiota, NOD2−/− and corresponding WT control mice were perorally infected with 109 colony forming units (CFU) C. jejuni strain 81–176 on three consecutive days
Within 24 h following the latest infection viable C. jejuni could be detected in 60.0% of fecal samples derived from NOD2−/− mice with low median loads of approximately 102 CFU per g feces only
Summary
The nucleotide-binding oligomerisaton protein 2 (NOD2) constitutes a pivotal sensor of bacterial muramyl dipeptide and assures expression of distinct antimicrobial peptides and mediators produced by enterocytes and immune cells directed against pathogens including Campylobacter jejuni. 3-weeksold infant mice (immediately after weaning) harbored approximately two orders of magnitude higher intestinal commensal E. coli loads as compared to adult animals and were susceptible to C. jejuni infection, whereas the latter were not [12, 13]. In line with these results, artificial elevation of the intestinal E. coli loads in conventional adult mice by feeding a viable commensal E. coli strain via the drinking water was sufficient to override colonization resistance and resulted in stable pathogenic infecton upon peroral challenge [10]
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