Abstract
Problem statement: Aluminum chloride (AlCl3) is commonly used in daily life but it can be potentially toxic. Therefore, the present study was carried out to investigate the protective effects of camel’s milk against aluminum-induced biochemical alterations and oxidative stress in the liver and kidney of white albino rats. Approach: White albino male rats (230-250 g) were divided into three groups of 10 rats: a control group treated with normal saline, the AlCl3-treated group and the camel’s milk-AlCl3-treated group. The AlCl3 treated group received 0.5 mg kg-1 of AlCl3 orally. The camel’s milk-AlCl3-treated group was fed 1 mL of fresh camel’s milk 10 minutes prior to the administration of oral AlCl3. All rats were treated every day for 30 days. Liver and kidney biochemical serum parameters were analyzed. Lipid peroxidation, as determined by the tissue concentrations of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and hydrogen peroxide (HP), and the oxidative stress status, as measured by glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity, were evaluated in the kidney and liver of treated rats. Results: Data showed that the oral administration of AlCl3 resulted in statistically significant increases in the serum levels of urea, creatinine, bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), cholesterol and triglycerides; the total amount of protein and albumin were also significantly decreased. However, these parameters were within normal levels in the rats given camel’s milk prior to AlCl3. Additionally, oral administration of AlCl3 induced lipid peroxidation in the liver and kidney, which was indicated by a significant increase in lipid peroxidation biomarkers (TBARS and HP) and a significant decrease in the activities of GSH, SOD and CAT. In all rats treated with camel’s milk before being given AlCl3, lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress parameters were within normal levels. Conclusion: Treatment with camel’s milk prior to AlCl3 exposure alleviates AlCl3-associated hazards and protects the kidney and liver from AlCl3 toxicity.
Highlights
Aluminum, which is the most abundant metal and comprises about 8% of the Earth's crust, is found in combination with oxygen, silicon, fluorine and other elements in the soil, rocks, clays and gems[1]
There was a significant increase in the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and hydrogen peroxide (HP) levels in the liver and kidneys of the AlCl3-treated rats (Table 4)
Oral administration of Estimation of GSH: The GSH content of the liver and kidney homogenate was measured at 412 nm using the method described by Sedlak and Lindsay[38]
Summary
Aluminum, which is the most abundant metal and comprises about 8% of the Earth's crust, is found in combination with oxygen, silicon, fluorine and other elements in the soil, rocks, clays and gems[1]. It has no known biological function[2]. Aluminum and its salts are commonly used in daily life as it was believed that it was non-toxic and was quickly excreted in the urine. This element can negatively impact human health[5]
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