Abstract
Introduction Recent pharmacotherapy findings from new alcohol reduction programmes could change the paradigm of alcohol-dependence treatment. This study reviews the neurobiological background and pharmacotherapy of alcohol-dependence disorder, focusing on opioid receptor antagonists, abstinence-oriented treatment and moderation-oriented treatment. 1. Alcohol-dependence treatment programs show only low to moderate efficacy. 2. Patients usually show low motivation to sustain abstinence but high motivation to reduce alcohol use. 3. A treatment program based on continued reduction of drinking and associated with intermittent treatment with naltrexone can be useful for low-severity alcohol-dependent patients. Although high severity alcohol-dependent patients should stop drinking alcohol, low severity patients may have the option of reducing their alcohol consumption if they take an opioid antagonist medication every day that they decide to drink alcohol. In the short term, the continuing drinking-reduction programmes may reduce the number of drinks per drinking day and in the long term, they may progressively decrease the obsession for drinking, alcohol seeking behavior, and related medical, behavioral and social disorders. To change the paradigm in the treatment of alcohol-dependence disorder there is a need for further randomized controlled trials in order to assess their efficacy and tolerability.
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